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291.
292.
Over the past decade developed states have committed significant public financing for climate change adaptation. Much of this public financing flows through international development organizations. States have delegated the implementation and monitoring of adaptation to existing international organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Scholars have noted that states delegate discretion to specialized organizations to perform a task on their behalf, but have not explored how uncertainties about the nature of the task affect delegation. This article addresses this gap by distinguishing the concept of epistemic ambiguity (when states are uncertain about the exact nature of a task) from strategic ambiguity (when states do not reach consensus over a task due to political differences) in order to address the question: how have states and international organizations defined and implemented adaptation activities? The question is answered through case studies of: (1) adaptation projects administered by the United Nations Development Programme and the International Organization for Migration in Kenya; and (2) states’ and international organizations’ attempts to develop methodologies for reporting adaptation financing. The case studies are based on: primary documents published by states and international organizations, secondary literature on climate finance, and interviews with adaptation experts. This article argues that states have not precisely defined adaptation, and that this is substantially due to epistemic ambiguity. It then identifies two consequences of epistemic ambiguity: a proliferation of activities labelled as adaptation, and difficulties tracking and monitoring adaptation assistance. 相似文献
293.
Alexandra Hall Rosa Koenraadt Georgios A. Antonopoulos 《Trends in Organized Crime》2017,20(3-4):296-315
It has been widely suggested that the global market in counterfeit, falsified and illegally traded medicines has expanded at a tremendous rate in recent years, offering lucrative opportunities for criminal entrepreneurs with little legal risk. However, with a few exceptions, there has been little criminological research conducted on the trade’s actors and organisation. Of the few studies that are available, most position the supply of these products in the context of ‘transnational organised crime’, often presupposing the overwhelming presence of large-scale, hierarchical structures in the trade. This article, based on two extensive research projects in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, offers an account of the illicit supply of medicines in two European jurisdictions. The research outlines the nature and dynamics of the trade including the roles played by each national context as nodes in the global supply chain. The focus then shifts to the modus operandi, actors, online trade and social organisation in both countries. In contradistinction to the ‘transnational organised crime’ narrative, the empirical data outlined in this paper demonstrates that actors and networks involved in the trade are highly flexible and complex structures that straddle the categories of licit and illicit, online and offline, and global and local. This suggests that operations supplying illicit medicines vary largely in terms of size, reach, organisation and legality. 相似文献
294.
295.
Marvin D. Krohn Gina Penly Hall Alan J. Lizotte 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(3):466-480
Changes in the family structure can be very disruptive to adolescents who live in those families. This article examines the
impact of the number of family transitions on delinquent and drug-using behavior. Specifically, the effect of family transitions
is hypothesized to be mediated by problems within the family, school, and peer settings. A sample of 646 boys (73%) and girls
(27%) taken from a longitudinal panel study of high-risk adolescents are used to examine these hypotheses. For girls, little
support is found for the direct or the indirect effect of family transitions on delinquent behavior or drug use. For boys,
however, both forms of problem behavior are influenced by family transitions directly and indirectly through changes in, and
problems with, peer associations. The findings suggest that during times of family turmoil, the friendship network of adolescent
male children is also disrupted, leading to an increase in associations with delinquent others and, in turn, an increase in
problematic behaviors.
相似文献
Gina Penly HallEmail: |
296.
Jennifer W. Kaminski Richard W. Puddy Diane M. Hall Sandra Y. Cashman Alexander E. Crosby LaVonne A. G. Ortega 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(5):460-473
Previous research has linked greater social connectedness with a lowered risk of self-directed violence among adolescents.
However, few studies have analyzed the comparative strength of different domains of connectedness (e.g., family, peers and
school) to determine where limited resources might best be focused. Data to address that gap were taken from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention’s Student Health and Safety Survey, administered to 4,131 7th–12th graders (51.5% female; 43.8%
Hispanic; 22.6% African American or Black). Logistic regressions (controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family structure,
academic performance, and depressive symptoms) suggest that family connectedness was a stronger predictor than connectedness
to peers, school, or adults at school for non-suicidal self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and non-fatal suicidal
behavior. In some analyses, peer connectedness was unexpectedly a risk factor. Results have implications for prevention of
suicide in adolescence, especially in the context of the current trend towards school-based prevention programs. 相似文献
297.
Election reform has evolved since the 2000 presidential election. One issue that has remained at the forefront of public debate is how to build confidence in the election process. The foundation for confidence is based on procedures for electoral security and transparency. In this article, the authors use legal theories of evidence and public administration theories related to standard operating procedures to consider how election fraud—and claims of fraud—can be prevented by having effective and rigorous chain of custody procedures. Using case studies, they show how such chains of custody can be implemented and examine which states have processes and procedures that promote the transparency that is critical for public examination of the electoral process. They conclude with a consideration of best practices in this area. 相似文献
298.
Jeremy L. Hall 《Public administration review》2008,68(1):110-125
Government capacity helps explain variance in public sector organizations' performance, and measuring capacity helps identify deficiencies that may be addressed in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these organizations. This study examines the capacity of regional economic development districts to leverage federal grant funds in the counties they serve, controlling for additional sources of potential capacity and demand for federal grants. A decade of data reflecting federal grant funding to counties in one state was compiled from the Federal Awards Data System and analyzed using pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis with panel-corrected standard errors. The results indicate that regional economic development districts demonstrate varied but significant capacity to leverage federal grant funds in the counties they serve. The results suggest that similarity in the purpose and structure of regional economic development districts within a state are not enough; we need to better understand the resources within the organization and the mission that determines how those resources are applied. 相似文献
299.
Derek Hall 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(3):603-609
This article seeks to determine what light the literature on the political economy of agriculture in Southeast Asia can shed on the analysis that underpins the World Bank's 2008 World Development Report, Agriculture for Development. It argues that work on Southeast Asia highlights gaps and problems in the Bank's account relating to the dynamics of boom crops, to the nature of social and political mobilisation around agriculture, and to the conceptualisation of agrarian transition. 相似文献
300.
Ian Hall 《英联邦与比较政治学杂志》2014,52(3):445-447