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51.
Pamela Jawad 《Democratization》2013,20(3):611-629
This article qualitatively and empirically analyses the OSCE's efforts to promote democracy after intra-state war in Georgia. This regional organization is rooted in a comprehensive approach to security that directly links security to democratic values. Therefore, the OSCE is a particularly appropriate subject for studying the issue of democracy promotion in the context of conflict-resolution processes. Georgia provides a difficult environment for such a goal. Given that its two secession conflicts are ‘frozen’, democracy can, especially in this context, be considered a well-suited means to indirectly contribute to conflict resolution. By contrasting the democratic development in Georgia with OSCE activities since 1992, this article will assess OSCE democracy promotion efforts. When these efforts are measured with regard to progress in peace and democratic quality, the effectiveness of external democracy promotion by the OSCE has to be called into question. However, the article argues that democratization is a long-term process in which internal factors play a decisive role. The OSCE, like other international organizations, can only reach its normative goals to the degree of the reform orientation and political will of the target state's government. The potential for impact is limited, but can be increased by commitment and context sensitivity. 相似文献
52.
An important theoretical issue in the study of criminal victimization focuses on state dependence or the extent to which prior
victimization causally affects subsequent victimization. Framing this issue are two conceptual arguments that posit divergent
predictions regarding the impact of past victimization. While “victim labeling” suggests that the experience of prior victimization
increases victimization in the future, “victim rationality” suggests that past victimization decreases subsequent victimization.
To date there has been little longitudinal research that explicitly evaluates these competing viewpoints. In response, the
current study uses panel data from a sample of adolescents to assess the merit of these opposing theoretical frameworks. Against
this theoretical backdrop, it is shown that prevailing strategies for the analysis of panel data—random-effects and fixed-effects—produce
erroneous results that add confusion to the debate regarding the nature of state dependence processes in criminal victimization.
Drawing from advances in econometrics, two estimators that can overcome the problems that plague more traditional panel data
models are used to provide a test of the competing victimization perspectives. Results from those analyses suggest support
for the thesis that past victimization increases subsequent victimization, but the magnitude of this positive relationship is more modest than is indicated by analytic models
that have been utilized in prior longitudinal victimization research.
相似文献
Graham C. OuseyEmail: |
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Each year more offenders are sentenced to probation than to any other sanction in the criminal justice system. In spite of the saliency of probation programs, the evidence is mixed concerning their effectiveness. In order to address this important gap in the research, the authors sought to determine if probation was effective in achieving one of its stated goals: protecting public safety. In doing so, they conducted a macro-level analysis, exploring the relationship between probation caseloads and property crime rates in each county in California over a nine-year period. Results from a two-way fixed effects regression model suggested that as probation loads increased, so did crime. While additional research into the effectiveness of probation is clearly needed, the results of the analysis nevertheless indicated that improvements in public safety could be expected if probation caseloads were reduced. 相似文献
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Mary E. Dankoski Margaret K. Keiley Volker Thomas Pamela Choice Sally A. Lloyd Brenda L. Seery 《Journal of family violence》2006,21(5):327-339
The process of the intergenerational transmission of violence is not well understood. A risk and resilience model of criminal violence against women was investigated using secondary data. The sample was composed of adolescent male juvenile delinquents who had been physically abused by their parents, and who were followed up at ages 25 and 31. A series of structural equation models were fit to investigate whether dysregulated affect mediated the effects of attachment and family chaos on the adult perpetration of violence against women. These models support the hypothesis that affect dysregulation may act as a mediator. Results raise new ideas about the mechanisms by which violence may be transmitted across generations. 相似文献
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Frederick J. Oerther Gary M. Anderson Pamela J. Brown Paul Pecorino Terry L. Anderson Gordon Tullock Dennis C. Mueeller Robert B. Ekelund Jr. William A. Niskanen Robert O. Edmister Roger D. Congeleton Brian Goff Rolin Mainuddin Franklin A. Lopez Mwangi S. Kimenyi James M. Buchanan 《Public Choice》1993,77(2):455-466