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121.
Rogers R Correa AA Hazelwood LL Shuman DW Hoersting RC Blackwood HL 《Law and human behavior》2009,33(1):61-69
Spanish-translated Miranda warnings are administered annually to thousands of Hispanic custodial suspects. In examining 121
Spanish translations and their English counterparts from 33 states, the lengths of Miranda warnings were generally comparable
but marked differences were observed in the reading levels for individual Miranda components. The adequacy of Miranda translations
varies markedly from minor variations to substantive errors. The most serious problems involved the entire omission of Miranda
components; several omissions were observed in the Spanish translations for even the basic rights to silence and counsel.
More commonly, Miranda discrepancies involved dissimilar content with a substantial trend toward more information in English
than Spanish versions. Findings related to the Miranda translations, different word lengths, and varied reading levels are
discussed using the totality of circumstances as its framework.
相似文献
Richard RogersEmail: |
122.
An important theoretical issue in the study of criminal victimization focuses on state dependence or the extent to which prior
victimization causally affects subsequent victimization. Framing this issue are two conceptual arguments that posit divergent
predictions regarding the impact of past victimization. While “victim labeling” suggests that the experience of prior victimization
increases victimization in the future, “victim rationality” suggests that past victimization decreases subsequent victimization.
To date there has been little longitudinal research that explicitly evaluates these competing viewpoints. In response, the
current study uses panel data from a sample of adolescents to assess the merit of these opposing theoretical frameworks. Against
this theoretical backdrop, it is shown that prevailing strategies for the analysis of panel data—random-effects and fixed-effects—produce
erroneous results that add confusion to the debate regarding the nature of state dependence processes in criminal victimization.
Drawing from advances in econometrics, two estimators that can overcome the problems that plague more traditional panel data
models are used to provide a test of the competing victimization perspectives. Results from those analyses suggest support
for the thesis that past victimization increases subsequent victimization, but the magnitude of this positive relationship is more modest than is indicated by analytic models
that have been utilized in prior longitudinal victimization research.
相似文献
Graham C. OuseyEmail: |
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128.
Gary B. Melton 《Law and human behavior》1986,10(4):337-353
129.
Each year more offenders are sentenced to probation than to any other sanction in the criminal justice system. In spite of the saliency of probation programs, the evidence is mixed concerning their effectiveness. In order to address this important gap in the research, the authors sought to determine if probation was effective in achieving one of its stated goals: protecting public safety. In doing so, they conducted a macro-level analysis, exploring the relationship between probation caseloads and property crime rates in each county in California over a nine-year period. Results from a two-way fixed effects regression model suggested that as probation loads increased, so did crime. While additional research into the effectiveness of probation is clearly needed, the results of the analysis nevertheless indicated that improvements in public safety could be expected if probation caseloads were reduced. 相似文献
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