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81.
Joe Soss Richard C. Fording Sanford F. Schram 《American journal of political science》2008,52(3):536-553
In this article, we seek to advance scholarship on the origins and consequences of policy devolution by analyzing state decisions to give local authorities control over welfare policy. The first part of our analysis explores the political forces that systematically influence state decisions to cede policy control to lower-level jurisdictions. In this context, we propose a general Racial Classification Model of how race influences social policy choice. Our findings support this model as well as social control perspectives on welfare provision. Building on these results, we then show how modest but consistent racial effects on policy choices concatenate to produce large disparities in the overall policy regimes that racial groups encounter in the federal system. The empirical findings illuminate the fundamental role that federalism plays in the production of contemporary racial disparities and in the recent turn toward neoliberal and paternalist policies in American poverty governance. 相似文献
82.
Michael J Barry Pamela H Wescott Ellen J Reifler Yuchaio Chang Benjamin W Moulton 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2008,36(2):396-402, 214
We conducted focus groups with 47 potential jurors who were presented with different scenarios in a hypothetical malpractice case involving failure to order a PSA test. Better documentation that a patient made an informed decision to decline a PSA test appeared to provide more medical-legal protection for physicians, especially with the use of a decision aid. 相似文献
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Legitimacy Crisis? Behavioral Approach and Inhibition When Power Differences are Left Unexplained 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Possessing social power leads to approach-related affect and behavior, whereas lacking power leads to inhibition (Keltner,
Gruenfeld, & Anderson, Psychol Rev 110:265–284, 2003). However, such effects should be moderated by whether an explanation is given for these power differences. Participants
were assigned to a low-power or high-power role and then interacted with a confederate in the opposite role. Participants
were told these role assignments were made for legitimate (expertise) or illegitimate (nepotism) reasons, or were given no
explanation. High-power participants showed more approach-related affect and behavior and reported less dissonance than low-power
participants, but many of these effects were moderated by the presence versus absence of an explanation. When no explanation
for power differences was provided, high-power participants exhibited more approach-related behavior than low-power participants
but also felt more guilt and unease. Implications for system justification theory and the literature on social power are discussed. 相似文献
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86.
The present study explored social and emotional loneliness, and victimisation among a sample of adult male prisoners. 241 prisoners took part, completing a behavioural measure of behaviours indicative of bullying (DIPC-R: Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist, Ireland, J.L. 2003. The Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist -- Revised. Psychology Department, University of Central Lancashire). and a measure of social and emotional loneliness (SELSA: Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults, DiTommaso, E. & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 127-134.). Differences between the groups involved in bullying (i.e. pure bullies, pure victims, bully/victims and those not involved) were noted, with victim groups (pure victims and bully/victims) presenting with higher levels of social loneliness than those not-involved. Emotional loneliness was not a distinguishing characteristic for membership to the pure victim or bully/victim group, and instead was found to be associated with the type and amount of victimisation reported: victims who reported multiple types of victimisation presented with higher levels of emotional (family) loneliness than victims reporting just one type of victimisation. Increased victimisation was also associated with increased levels of social and emotional loneliness, most notably with regards to indirect victimisation. The results are discussed with reference to the environment in which the victimisation is taking place, and we outline a potential application of life events and added stress models in understanding social maladjustment (loneliness) among prisoners. 相似文献
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Pamela Tobey 《北京周报(英文版)》2018,61(29)
正Arriving in China several years ago,I was struck by the sheer number of bicycles and electric motor scooters that zipped around the bike lanes of Beijing’s streets.At fi rst,it was intimidating to cross at intersections,but in time I grew accustomed to the hectic activity.I began by riding an old bicycle around the campus neighborhood where I live,getting a feel for being amid the riding masses. 相似文献
89.
National gender quotas—policies that require a certain percentage of women candidates or legislators—are becoming more effective over time. Using data on 145 countries from 1990 to 2010, we document this trend with latent growth‐curve models. Part of the explanation for increasing effectiveness is that countries have ratcheted up targets for women's inclusion and that quotas are increasingly written in ways that make them more effective at achieving stated goals. Activists, political elites, and policy makers have learned over time which quota policies are most effective, resulting in quotas with provisions that more often lead to success. But, changes in rules alone do not account for the increasing effectiveness of quotas over time. It appears that changing norms about women's incorporation in politics are also increasing quota effectiveness regardless of policy design. 相似文献
90.