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191.
192.
Pamela S. Chasek 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(4):363-387
As the world’s one remaining superpower, the United States stands forth as a hegemon in international politics. Within the traditional realist perspective, this means that the U.S. is decisive for the ambition and scope of international cooperation. However, research has shown that there is limited empirical support for this assumption when it comes to environmental cooperation. After a brief look at the U.S. general attitude and perception of the UN, this paper will then review general trends in U.S. foreign environmental policy within the United Nations context, including several key domestic factors that have influenced the U.S. in this area. I will then look more specifically at three UN institutions that are responsible for different aspects of environmental governance: United Nations global conferences (Stockholm in 1972, Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and Johannesburg in 2002), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). The main focus will be how U.S. policies and influence in these arenas, and their relationship to UN reform, have evolved over time. Finally, the paper will attempt to analyze the American policies and answer the question posed in the title: is the U.S. a powerful laggard or a constructive leader? 相似文献
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Pamela Blackmon 《Central Asian Survey》2007,26(3):355-372
This article compares two transition economies that have diverged in their progress on important economic reform areas and then seeks to link these differences to their resulting levels of investment and business. For this study, interviews were conducted with firm representatives that had invested or conducted business in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in order to determine the areas of reform that were the most important for their investment and business decisions. The analysis indicates a relationship between Kazakhstan's advanced economic reforms in such areas as foreign investment legislation, tax legislation, banking system reform, and higher levels of investment and business. Uzbekistan's lack of progress in these reform areas has affected the level of investment in the country, but not the number of firms conducting business. This was primarily because firms could secure financing for the business through the US Export–Import Bank. 相似文献
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Katherine H. Shelton Peter Mackie Marianne van den Bree Pamela J. Taylor Sarah Evans 《Housing Policy Debate》2013,23(3):483-504
It is estimated that on a single night in January 2009, there were 643,067 sheltered and unsheltered homeless people in America (The 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress 2010). The Obama administration recently published “Opening Doors,” the first federal plan to prevent and end homelessness. We argue that the strategy is based on a partial evidence base that raises questions about the potential of the strategy to meet its goals. In order to inform future iterations of the plan, data from 682 young adults (aged 18–27 years old; mean = 22.13 years old) who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether there is a typologys of young adults with a history of homelessness; one of the priority groups in the strategy. A priori selected variables previously associated with lifetime homelessness in non-random samples were mapped to survey items. Data were analyzed using cluster analysis. Comparisons were conducted with a randomly selected “never-homeless” sample from the same study. The cluster analysis revealed four subgroups. It appears that the Federal Plan currently prioritizes homelessness risk factors associated with two subgroups: the Young Offenders subgroup and the Abused Depressed subgroup. The needs of two other subgroups are not fully addressed: the Childhood Adversity subgroup and the Vulnerable African-American subgroup. The authors offer guidance on future directions for homelessness policy relevant to young adults. 相似文献
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Pamela C. Alexander 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(4):255-261
This study examined the long-term effects of childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence (IPV) and work interference
on women’s employment in a sample of 135 housed or homeless women. Work interference (defined as a partner’s interference
with or restraint of a woman’s working) was reported by 60% of women who had experienced IPV and was more common among non-Hispanic
White women. Abuse history of any type was not predictive of women’s employment or receiving job training, but child sexual
abuse history and lifetime IPV were predictive of non-Hispanic White women’s not looking for a job. Receiving job training
was negatively correlated with women’s current mental health. The study suggests different but overlapping pathways to the
outcome of underemployment for racial/ethnic minority and majority women—namely, macro level factors and individual vulnerability
factors, respectively. The need for trauma-informed services for unemployed and/or homeless women is highlighted. 相似文献
200.
Graham C. Ousey Pamela Wilcox Bonnie S. Fisher 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(1):53-84
This study revisits a familiar question regarding the relationship between victimization and offending. Using longitudinal
data on middle- and high-school students, the study examines competing arguments regarding the relationship between victimization
and offending embedded within the “dynamic causal” and “population heterogeneity” perspectives. The analysis begins with models
that estimate the longitudinal relationship between victimization and offending without accounting for the influence of time-stable
individual heterogeneity. Next, the victimization-offending relationship is reconsidered after the effects of time-stable
sources of heterogeneity, and time-varying covariates are controlled. While the initial results without controls for population
heterogeneity are in line with much prior research and indicate a positive link between victimization and offending, results
from models that control for time-stable individual differences suggest something new: a negative, reciprocal relationship
between victimization and offending. These latter results are most consistent with the notion that the oft-reported victimization-offending link is driven by
a combination of dynamic causal and population heterogeneity factors. Implications of these findings for theory and future
research focusing on the victimization-offending nexus are discussed. 相似文献