试论马克思主义制度变迁理论

制度变迁理论是马克思主义经济学的重要组成部分,同时也是其社会发展理论的重要内容.马克思主义制度变迁理论以历史唯物主义为基本方法论,以生产力理论和阶级理论为基础.在社会分析上坚持"集体主义"原则,把阶级作为制度变迁的主要推动力量,坚持生产力是经济增长第一要素的观点,把揭示基本制度的演变规律作为研究的主要目的,从而科学地回答了人类社会发展的最终决定力量的问题,并深刻地揭示了人类社会演变的规律.     

乙醇对小鼠口服地西泮半数致死量及早期代谢的影响

目的研究乙醇对地西泮半数致死量及早期代谢的影响。方法 1利用AOT425tat Pgm程序测定雌性小鼠经口灌服地西泮单独或与不同剂量乙醇联合染毒时的半数致死量;2低、中、高剂量(50、100、200mg/kg)地西泮单独或与不同剂量乙醇联合染毒,HPLC法测定染毒后15、30、60min时小鼠心血中地西泮及其主要代谢物去甲西泮、奥沙西泮血药浓度,观察染毒早期乙醇对地西泮代谢的影响。结果 1联合染毒使地西泮LD50值明显降低,且下降幅度随乙醇剂量增加而加剧;2各联合染毒组染毒15、30、60min时地西泮、奥沙西泮血药浓度较单独染毒时低;50、100mg/kg地西泮与乙醇联合染毒60min时去甲西泮浓度较单独染毒显著升高,但乙醇剂量影响不大;高剂量地西泮与低、中剂量乙醇联合染毒60min时去甲西泮浓度较单独染毒组时低。结论 1地西泮与乙醇确有毒性协同作用,联合中毒时地西泮半数致死量变化与乙醇剂量有关;2染毒早期,乙醇可使地西泮及奥沙西泮血药浓度降低,同时抑制去甲西泮的代谢,使其药浓度升高,在毒性协同效应发生中有意义。     

Sources of Authoritarian Responsiveness: A Field Experiment in China

A growing body of research suggests that authoritarian regimes are responsive to societal actors, but our understanding of the sources of authoritarian responsiveness remains limited because of the challenges of measurement and causal identification. By conducting an online field experiment among 2,103 Chinese counties, we examine factors that affect officials' incentives to respond to citizens in an authoritarian context. At baseline, we find that approximately one‐third of county governments respond to citizen demands expressed online. Threats of collective action and threats of tattling to upper levels of government cause county governments to be considerably more responsive, whereas identifying as loyal, long‐standing members of the Chinese Communist Party does not increase responsiveness. Moreover, we find that threats of collective action make local officials more publicly responsive. Together, these results demonstrate that top‐down mechanisms of oversight as well as bottom‐up societal pressures are possible sources of authoritarian responsiveness.     

专家辅助人制度的现状、困境与改善建议-以浙江省为例的实证分析

新《刑事诉讼法》确立的专家辅助人制度对提高鉴定意见的质量,改革庭审方式和证据制度有着重要的意义,但因为法律仅对其作出了笼统的规定而没能发挥出应有的作用。通过对法律工作者的问卷调查发现,在专家辅助人的诉讼地位、专家辅助人的意见属性等问题上存在着较大的分歧,因此,要完善我国的专家辅助人制度,就要明确专家辅助人的独立诉讼地位,确保专家辅助人真正地参与到庭审的质证中来,才能达到这一制度设计的理想状态。     

完善儿童权益保护之探析——以设立虐童罪为视角

少年之于国家的重要性是不言而喻的,我们理应保证未成年人有一个健康安全的成长环境,然而近年来越来越多虐待儿童事件的爆发,引起了人们对于儿童健康成长的强烈关注。目前,我国尚未设立虐童罪,然而调查表明90%的人支持设立虐童罪。随着虐童事件的发酵,关于虐童罪的讨论成为最受关注的话题之一。鉴此,分析虐童现象及其产生的原因,通过立法增设"虐童罪",无疑是遏制虐童现象的重要举措。     

中国对恐怖主义的研究述评

9·11恐怖袭击,迄今已整整十年,中国学术界对恐怖主义及其相关问题的研究大体集中于这十年间。自2004年以来,随着更多领域的学者特别是法学专家的积极加入,中国反恐研究成果丰硕,但尚未出现突破性进展。中国学术界有关恐怖主义概念的界定、历史渊源、国家恐怖主义等问题的争论,以及与之相关的族际冲突、宗教极端主义和伊斯兰原教旨主义等热点议题的讨论,反映出中国学术界关于恐怖主义研究的动态及前沿。     

英诗汉译中的意象再造——ToWPⅡ的两个汉译本简析

意境是诗歌的灵魂,而意象是为建构诗歌意境而存在的。诗歌翻译的关键在于译文是否将原诗的意象再现。诗歌翻译的过程是译者对原作的意象解读和意象再造的过程。以乔治.桑塔耶纳的一首组诗的第二首为例,以认知语言学为理论参照,比较这首诗的两个汉译版本,尝试探讨意象再造在英诗汉译中的作用。     

A method for studying knife tool marks on bone

The characteristics of knife tool marks retained on hard tissues can be used to outline the shape and angle of a knife. The purpose of this study was to describe such marks on bone tissues that had been chopped with knives. A chopping stage with a gravity accelerator and a fixed bone platform was designed to reconstruct the chopping action. A digital microscope was also used to measure the knife angle (θ) and retained V-shape tool mark angle (ψ) in a pig skull. The κ value (elasticity coefficient; θ/ψ) was derived and recorded after the knife angle (θ) and the accompanied velocity were compared with the proportional impulsive force of the knife and ψ on the bone. The constant impulsive force revealed a correlation between the V-shape tool mark angle (ψ) and the elasticity coefficient (κ). These results describe the tool marks--crucial in the medicolegal investigation--of a knife on hard tissues.     

国有建设用地使用权出让合同法律性质探析

国有建设用地使用权出让合同属于行政合同。国家通过出让合同来规范和调控土地市场,落实最严格的节约用地制度,以实现管理、保护与合理利用土地资源的目的。出让合同受行政法律的规范和制约。在承认出让方行政优益权的同时,要对其权力加以限制。鉴于我国行政合同制度尚未完善,为保证出让合同目的的实现,保护当事人的合法权益,应当允许当事人根据合同纠纷的具体内容,灵活选择适用行政复议、民事诉讼或行政诉讼。     

Histopathology mapping of biochemical changes in myocardial infarction by Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging and microspectroscopy have been extensively applied in the identification and investigation of both healthy and diseased tissues. FTIR imaging can be used to determine the biodistribution of several molecules of interest (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) for tissue analysis, without the need for prior staining of these tissues. Molecular structure data, such as protein secondary structure and collagen triple helix exhibits, can also be obtained from the same analysis. Thus, several histopathological lesions, for example myocardial infarction, can be identified from FTIR-analyzed tissue images, the latter which can allow for more accurate discrimination between healthy tissues and pathological lesions. Accordingly, we propose FTIR imaging as a new tool integrating both molecular and histopathological assessment to investigate the degree of pathological changes in tissues. In this study, myocardial infarction is presented as an illustrative example of the wide potential of FTIR imaging for biomedical applications.