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741.
Several recent studies show European university scientists contributing far more frequently to company-owned patented inventions
than they do to patents owned by universities or by the academic scientists themselves. Recognising the significance of this
channel for direct commercialisation of European academic research makes it important to understand its response to current
Bayh-Dole inspired reforms of university patenting rights. This paper studies the contribution from university scientists
to inventions patented by dedicated biotech firms (DBFs) specialised in drug discovery in Denmark and Sweden, which in this
respect share a number of structural and historic characteristics. It examines effects of the Danish Law on University Patenting
(LUP) effective January 2000, which transferred to the employer university rights to patents on inventions made by Danish
university scientists alone or as participants in collaborative research with industry. Sweden so far has left property rights
with academic scientists, as they also were in Denmark prior to the reform. Consequently, comparison of Danish and Swedish
research collaboration before and after LUP offers a quasi-controlled experiment, bringing out effects on joint research of
university IPR reform. In original data on all 3,640 inventor contributions behind the 1,087 patents filed by Danish and Swedish
DBFs 1990–2004, Difference-in-Difference regressions uncover notable LUP-induced effects in the form of significant reductions
in contributions from Danish domestic academic inventors, combined with a simultaneous substitutive increase of non-Danish
academic inventors. A moderate increase in academic inventions channelled into university owned-patents does appear after
LUP. But the larger part of the inventive potential of academia, previously mobilised into company-owned patents, seems to
have been rendered inactive as a result of the reform. As a likely explanation of these effects the paper suggests that exploratory
research, the typical target of joint university-DBF projects in drug discovery, fits poorly into LUP’s requirement for ex
ante allocation of IPR. The Pre-LUP convention of IPR allocated to the industrial partner in return for research funding and
publication rights to the academic partner may have offered more effective contracting for this type of research. There are
indications that LUP, outside the exploratory agenda of drug discovery, offers a more productive framework for inventions
requiring less complicated and uncertain post-discovery R&D.
相似文献
Finn ValentinEmail: |
742.
Judith Sutz 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(4):329-341
Life sciences are the best developed area of academic research throughout Latin America. Biomedical research has been particularly
successful. However, generally speaking, excellence in research has not been accompanied by commercially successful innovations,
a pattern that differs from what has happened in many highly industrialized countries, even small ones. The paper explores
some causes of such disappointing outcome, stressing in particular the historical lack of political and social legitimacy
exhibited by innovation policies in underdevelopment. From a developmental point of view it is of great importance the building
of such legitimacy. One way of doing so is to link more tightly innovation policies to social concerns; bio-innovation is
suggested as a productive path towards that aim.
相似文献
Judith SutzEmail: |
743.
Substantial research has focused on the negative associations between coparenting conflict, parental psychological functioning,
and parenting behavior in European American, middle-income, families. However, less attention has been given to ethnic minority
families and to families that are nontraditionally structured. In an effort to address this gap, the current longitudinal
study examines the relation between conflict with the mother-identified primary co-caregiver and parenting practices in single
parent, economically disadvantaged African American families. Participants included 234 mother–child dyads. It was hypothesized
that conflict would relate to less utilization of positive parenting practices and that this association would be mediated,
at least in part, by maternal psychological distress. Hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (Lisrel
8.3): Conflict with a co-caregiver was significantly related to parenting both directly and indirectly through maternal psychological
distress. Implications of the findings are discussed.
相似文献
Shannon DorseyEmail: |
744.
Terrorism and relative justice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Findlay 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2007,47(1):57-68
Terrorist violence and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant, both forms of violence
lay claim to contestred legitimacies. The relationships between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and
empirical examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate is to be sharpened.
相似文献
Mark FindlayEmail: |
745.
Given growing concerns about the loss of farmland in the US, governmental and nonprofit groups are seeking innovative, cost-effective
methods to preserve lands that will elicit additional landowner participation. This article describes four innovative farmland
preservation techniques and derives implications for the policy process through interviews of key stakeholders: program administrators,
lawmakers, and landowners. Experts on farmland preservation were also interviewed to ensure stakeholder perceptions substantively
inform the policy process. Four techniques were selected for assessment from approximately 30 novel techniques. Reactions
to these policy options reflect stakeholder perceptions of a baseline condition; the perceptions help evaluate which options
are likely to survive the policy process and what attributes will lead to their acceptability because few of these techniques
have yet become policy. Although the stakeholders may have more limited experience with the policy process, land preservation
experts validated many of the results and the possibility of success in the “rough and tumble” of the policy process. Of the
four investigated techniques rights of first refusal was the most favored, although respondents thought effective implementation
would require careful targeting and a dedicated funding source. Experts agreed this technique was most likely to survive in
the political arena. Agricultural conservation pension was also viewed favorably, though it was considered administratively
difficult to implement. Several experts thought that, though inchoate, the pension plan could potentially be more cost effective
than rights of first refusal. Land preservation tontines were perceived to be an interesting concept, but confusing, difficult
to implement, and ill-defined. Term conservation easements were viewed unfavorably because they did not preserve land permanently.
相似文献
Lori LynchEmail: |
746.
The existing literature seriously misinterprets the available evidence on the predictability of high rate criminal offending
and thus the potential value of statistical treatment rules that impose stiffer punishments on offenders with higher predicted
risk of recidivism. The misinterpretation results from the failure to take account of the fact that the data used in existing
risk assessment exercises come from environments characterized by informal (and sometimes formal) attempts by judges and other
actors to base penal treatments on expected recidivism. Findings of little or no predictive power for baseline covariates
may simply indicate the efficient use of the available information. We lay out the problem in detail, provide examples from
several literatures and then consider general solutions to the problem.
相似文献
Jeffrey SmithEmail: |
747.
Craig Dowden Craig Bennell Sarah Bloomfield 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2007,22(1):44-56
Despite the immense popularity of offender profiling as both a topic of fascination for the general public as well as an academic
field of study, concerns have been raised about the development of this area of scientific inquiry. The present study provides
a preliminary step towards moving the field forward as it reviews the type and quality of studies dealing with offender profiling
over the past 31 years. Based on a content analysis of 132 published articles, the review indicates that researchers investigating
this phenomenon rarely publish multiple articles, and they are generally reported across many different journals, thereby
making knowledge synthesis and knowledge transfer problematic. In addition, the majority of papers published in the area are
discussion pieces (e.g., discussing what profiling is, how profiles are constructed, and when profiling is useful), despite
the fact that the processes underlying offender profiling are still not well understood. Finally, although peer-reviewed articles
exploring this topic have steadily increased, the statistical sophistication of these studies is sorely lacking, with most
including no statistics or formal analyses of data. Suggestions for future research and recommendations to streamline efforts
in this field are provided based on the results of this review.
相似文献
Craig BennellEmail: |
748.
Martin Bouchard 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(3):221-241
Originally developed in biology, capture-recapture methodologies have increasingly been integrated into the study of human
populations to provide estimates of the size of “hidden populations.” This paper explores the validity of one capture-recapture
model—Zelterman’s (1988) truncated Poisson estimator—used to estimate the size of the marijuana cultivation industry in Quebec, Canada. The capture–recapture
analysis draws on arrest data to estimate the number of marijuana growers “at risk of being arrested” for a period of five
years (1998–2002). Estimates are provided for growers involved in two different techniques: (1) soil-based growing, and (2)
hydroponics. In addition, the study develops an original method to estimate the prevalence of cultivation sites “at risk of
detection.” A first set of findings shows that the cultivation industry is substantial; the estimated prevalence of growers
compares to estimates of marijuana dealers in the province. Capture–recapture estimates are also used to compare the risks
of being arrested for different types of offenders. Results indicate that hydroponic growers—those involved in large scale
and sophisticated sites—face lower enforcement-related risks than growers involved in smaller enterprises. The significance
of these findings is discussed in the context of the widespread development, both in Europe and in North America, of a successful
domestic production-driven, rather than importation-driven, marijuana trade.
相似文献
Martin BouchardEmail: |
749.
The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) are widely used to measure intimate partner aggression. Various aspects of the
CTS2 and its subscales have been examined, e.g. factor structure, internal consistency, and validity, but little or no evidence
exists regarding the stability of the self-report of aggression on the CTS2 This study examines the stability of reports of
aggression against a partner on the CTS2 among 82 men court-mandated to a batterer intervention program. At both testing times
men reported on aggression occurring in the year prior to beginning treatment. Using variety scores, stability of report was
strong for psychological aggression (r = 0.69), physical assault (r = 0.76), injury (r = 0.70), and negotiation (r = 0.60), but weaker for sexual coercion (r = 0.30). Implications for the use of the CTS2 in court-mandated populations are discussed.
相似文献
K. Daniel O’LearyEmail: |
750.
Lauren Bennett Cattaneo Margret E. Bell Lisa A. Goodman Mary Ann Dutton 《Journal of family violence》2007,22(6):429-440
Using four categories of accuracy (true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative), this study explored (1)
how accurately intimate partner violence (IPV) victims are able to assess their risk of re-abuse; and (2) potential predictors
of accuracy. Women seeking help for IPV (N = 246) rated the likelihood that they would experience physical re-abuse in the coming year and then reported 18 months later
whether those risks had been realized. Victim assessments were more likely to be right than wrong, and were subject to neither
a pessimistic nor optimistic bias. In the multivariate analysis, significant/marginally significant predictors of the accuracy
categories were the history of violence from this and former partners, level of substance use, PTSD symptoms, and the recency
of the violence. Among the more robust findings were the connection between level of stalking and true positives, and between
substance use and false negatives. This study suggests that victim assessments have significant potential to inform practice,
and deserve further exploration.
相似文献
Lauren Bennett CattaneoEmail: |