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791.
Terrorism and relative justice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Findlay 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2007,47(1):57-68
Terrorist violence and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant, both forms of violence
lay claim to contestred legitimacies. The relationships between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and
empirical examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate is to be sharpened.
相似文献
Mark FindlayEmail: |
792.
Given growing concerns about the loss of farmland in the US, governmental and nonprofit groups are seeking innovative, cost-effective
methods to preserve lands that will elicit additional landowner participation. This article describes four innovative farmland
preservation techniques and derives implications for the policy process through interviews of key stakeholders: program administrators,
lawmakers, and landowners. Experts on farmland preservation were also interviewed to ensure stakeholder perceptions substantively
inform the policy process. Four techniques were selected for assessment from approximately 30 novel techniques. Reactions
to these policy options reflect stakeholder perceptions of a baseline condition; the perceptions help evaluate which options
are likely to survive the policy process and what attributes will lead to their acceptability because few of these techniques
have yet become policy. Although the stakeholders may have more limited experience with the policy process, land preservation
experts validated many of the results and the possibility of success in the “rough and tumble” of the policy process. Of the
four investigated techniques rights of first refusal was the most favored, although respondents thought effective implementation
would require careful targeting and a dedicated funding source. Experts agreed this technique was most likely to survive in
the political arena. Agricultural conservation pension was also viewed favorably, though it was considered administratively
difficult to implement. Several experts thought that, though inchoate, the pension plan could potentially be more cost effective
than rights of first refusal. Land preservation tontines were perceived to be an interesting concept, but confusing, difficult
to implement, and ill-defined. Term conservation easements were viewed unfavorably because they did not preserve land permanently.
相似文献
Lori LynchEmail: |
793.
The existing literature seriously misinterprets the available evidence on the predictability of high rate criminal offending
and thus the potential value of statistical treatment rules that impose stiffer punishments on offenders with higher predicted
risk of recidivism. The misinterpretation results from the failure to take account of the fact that the data used in existing
risk assessment exercises come from environments characterized by informal (and sometimes formal) attempts by judges and other
actors to base penal treatments on expected recidivism. Findings of little or no predictive power for baseline covariates
may simply indicate the efficient use of the available information. We lay out the problem in detail, provide examples from
several literatures and then consider general solutions to the problem.
相似文献
Jeffrey SmithEmail: |
794.
Craig Dowden Craig Bennell Sarah Bloomfield 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2007,22(1):44-56
Despite the immense popularity of offender profiling as both a topic of fascination for the general public as well as an academic
field of study, concerns have been raised about the development of this area of scientific inquiry. The present study provides
a preliminary step towards moving the field forward as it reviews the type and quality of studies dealing with offender profiling
over the past 31 years. Based on a content analysis of 132 published articles, the review indicates that researchers investigating
this phenomenon rarely publish multiple articles, and they are generally reported across many different journals, thereby
making knowledge synthesis and knowledge transfer problematic. In addition, the majority of papers published in the area are
discussion pieces (e.g., discussing what profiling is, how profiles are constructed, and when profiling is useful), despite
the fact that the processes underlying offender profiling are still not well understood. Finally, although peer-reviewed articles
exploring this topic have steadily increased, the statistical sophistication of these studies is sorely lacking, with most
including no statistics or formal analyses of data. Suggestions for future research and recommendations to streamline efforts
in this field are provided based on the results of this review.
相似文献
Craig BennellEmail: |
795.
Martin Bouchard 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(3):221-241
Originally developed in biology, capture-recapture methodologies have increasingly been integrated into the study of human
populations to provide estimates of the size of “hidden populations.” This paper explores the validity of one capture-recapture
model—Zelterman’s (1988) truncated Poisson estimator—used to estimate the size of the marijuana cultivation industry in Quebec, Canada. The capture–recapture
analysis draws on arrest data to estimate the number of marijuana growers “at risk of being arrested” for a period of five
years (1998–2002). Estimates are provided for growers involved in two different techniques: (1) soil-based growing, and (2)
hydroponics. In addition, the study develops an original method to estimate the prevalence of cultivation sites “at risk of
detection.” A first set of findings shows that the cultivation industry is substantial; the estimated prevalence of growers
compares to estimates of marijuana dealers in the province. Capture–recapture estimates are also used to compare the risks
of being arrested for different types of offenders. Results indicate that hydroponic growers—those involved in large scale
and sophisticated sites—face lower enforcement-related risks than growers involved in smaller enterprises. The significance
of these findings is discussed in the context of the widespread development, both in Europe and in North America, of a successful
domestic production-driven, rather than importation-driven, marijuana trade.
相似文献
Martin BouchardEmail: |
796.
The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) are widely used to measure intimate partner aggression. Various aspects of the
CTS2 and its subscales have been examined, e.g. factor structure, internal consistency, and validity, but little or no evidence
exists regarding the stability of the self-report of aggression on the CTS2 This study examines the stability of reports of
aggression against a partner on the CTS2 among 82 men court-mandated to a batterer intervention program. At both testing times
men reported on aggression occurring in the year prior to beginning treatment. Using variety scores, stability of report was
strong for psychological aggression (r = 0.69), physical assault (r = 0.76), injury (r = 0.70), and negotiation (r = 0.60), but weaker for sexual coercion (r = 0.30). Implications for the use of the CTS2 in court-mandated populations are discussed.
相似文献
K. Daniel O’LearyEmail: |
797.
Lauren Bennett Cattaneo Margret E. Bell Lisa A. Goodman Mary Ann Dutton 《Journal of family violence》2007,22(6):429-440
Using four categories of accuracy (true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative), this study explored (1)
how accurately intimate partner violence (IPV) victims are able to assess their risk of re-abuse; and (2) potential predictors
of accuracy. Women seeking help for IPV (N = 246) rated the likelihood that they would experience physical re-abuse in the coming year and then reported 18 months later
whether those risks had been realized. Victim assessments were more likely to be right than wrong, and were subject to neither
a pessimistic nor optimistic bias. In the multivariate analysis, significant/marginally significant predictors of the accuracy
categories were the history of violence from this and former partners, level of substance use, PTSD symptoms, and the recency
of the violence. Among the more robust findings were the connection between level of stalking and true positives, and between
substance use and false negatives. This study suggests that victim assessments have significant potential to inform practice,
and deserve further exploration.
相似文献
Lauren Bennett CattaneoEmail: |
798.
Although adolescents are commonly assumed to be rebellious, risky and moody, two experiments demonstrate for the first time
that these beliefs operate both explicitly and implicitly as stereotypes. In Experiment 1, participants (a) explicitly endorsed
adolescent stereotypes and (b) implicitly associated adolescent stereotyped words more rapidly with the adolescent than the
adult social category. Individual differences in the explicit endorsement of adolescent stereotypes predicted explicit perceptions
of the rebelliousness of a 17-year-old but not a 71-year-old, although individual differences in implicit stereotyping did
not. Identification with adults was associated with greater implicit stereotyping but not explicit stereotyping. In Experiment
2, subliminal exposure to adolescent stereotyped words increased subsequent perceptions of the rebelliousness of a 17-year-old
but not a 71-year-old. Although individual differences in implicit adolescent stereotyping did not predict explicit evaluations
of adolescents, stereotypes of adolescents nevertheless influenced explicit evaluations unconsciously and unintentionally.
相似文献
Curtis D. HardinEmail: |
799.
When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Researchers in moral psychology and social justice have agreed that morality is about matters of harm, rights, and justice.
On this definition of morality, conservative opposition to social justice programs appears to be immoral, and has been explained
as a product of various non-moral processes such as system justification or social dominance orientation. In this article
we argue that, from an anthropological perspective, the moral domain is usually much broader, encompassing many more aspects
of social life and valuing institutions as much or more than individuals. We present theoretical and empirical reasons for
believing that there are five psychological systems that provide the foundations for the world’s many moralities. The five
foundations are psychological preparations for detecting and reacting emotionally to issues related to harm/care, fairness/reciprocity,
ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Political liberals have moral intuitions primarily based upon the
first two foundations, and therefore misunderstand the moral motivations of political conservatives, who generally rely upon
all five foundations.
相似文献
Jonathan HaidtEmail: |
800.
Inherent to any substantive social change is the disruption of the status quo. To the extent that individuals are motivated
to preserve the current social system (e.g., Jost & Banaji, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27, 1994), even social change in pursuit of positive goals might evoke ambivalent reactions. Although activist groups might elicit
positivity because they are assumed to have positive qualities and they seek positive goals, they might evoke negativity because
their actions disrupt the current social system. These experiments examined two different forms of disruption of the status
quo. In Experiment 1, a group gaining power elicited greater ambivalence than a group losing power, regardless of the valence
of the group’s goal. Importantly, the conditions that evoked ambivalence did not inhibit behavioral support. Experiment 2
found that a new group elicited more ambivalence than an established group when pursuing a positive goal. Consistent with
theories emphasizing maintenance of the status quo, these findings demonstrate that attitudes toward activist groups do not
derive solely from self-interest.
相似文献
Amanda B. DiekmanEmail: |