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981.
H?kan?StattinEmail author Margaret?Kerr Therése?Skoog 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(10):1271-1287
Girls’ early pubertal timing has been linked in many studies to behavioral problems such as delinquency and substance use.
The theoretical explanations for these links have often involved the girls’ peer relationships, but contexts have also been
considered important in some explanations. By integrating two theoretical models, the peer-socialization and the contextual-amplification hypotheses, we propose a contextual framework for explaining the link between early pubertal timing and external problem
behavior in girls. We hypothesize that early developing girls engage in unhealthy, dangerous, and risky behavior under contextual
conditions that promote access to older friends and opposite-sex relationships. Under other conditions it is less likely.
We tested this integrated hypothesis in two studies conducted in Sweden. The first was a cross-sectional study with information
about school and free-time friends in a community sample (N = 284). Early pubertal timing was linked to having older, more
normbreaking friends outside of school, but not in school, thus suggesting that the school context interferes early-developing
girls’ selection of older peers. The second study involved both a longitudinal (N = 434) and a cross-sectional sample of girls
(N = 634), where we examined a leisure setting that is known to attract delinquent youth. Results showed that early pubertal
timing was most strongly linked to delinquency for girls who spent time in this context and were heavily involved with boys
and peers. In sum, results from both studies supported our predictions that certain contexts would amplify the peer-socialization
effect. Overall, we conclude that the integrated peer-socialization/contextual-amplification model satisfactorily explains
the link between pubertal timing and external problem behavior. 相似文献
982.
This article examines the issues of censorship, language and racism through a critical reflection on Peter Tatchell’s response
to the critique of gay imperialism offered by Jin Haritaworn, Tamsila Tauqir and Esra Erdem. In ‘Academics smear Peter Tatchell’,
we are invited to find evidence of ‘Islamophobia, racism or support for imperialist wars’ in the writings that can be downloaded
from Tatchell’s website. The article shows how islamophobia and racism operate in Tatchell’s writings not necessary in the
content of specific arguments but through the very form of proximities (for example in the proximity between the words ‘Islam’,
‘fundamentalism’ and ‘terror’). The article thus reflects on how racism operates in language through the repetition of associations
that get ‘stuck’. 相似文献
983.
984.
Marek Rybá? 《Communist and Post》2011,44(3):161-171
This paper shows that the dominant theory of European integration, the liberal inter-governmentalism, contains several assumptions about the process and character of national preference formation that may not be fully met in the post-communist EU member states. It argues that the primacy of economic and societal interests in influencing positions of national governments should not be taken for granted. Using Slovakia as an example, it demonstrates the autonomy of political and bureaucratic actors and importance of their preferences. It is also argued that ideational and exogenous factors should not be left out in constructing a realistic framework of national preference formation. 相似文献
985.
Kuo-Feng?HuangEmail author Chwo-Ming?Joseph?Yu 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(4):383-403
A firm can improve its innovation either by its internal research and development (R&D) efforts or by forming external collaborative
R&D alliances. While previous studies on R&D collaboration and knowledge diffusion mainly focus on various external sources
of R&D collaboration, little effort has been made to investigate the joint impact of competitive and non-competitive R&D collaborations
on firm innovation simultaneously. By examining the data of 165 Taiwanese firms in the information and communication technology
industry, we find that: (1) non-competitive R&D collaborations with universities have a positive direct impact on firm’s innovation
performance; and (2) both non-competitive and competitive R&D collaborations have a positively moderating effect on the relationship
between a firm’s internal R&D efforts and firm innovation and the positive moderating effect is higher for non-competitive
R&D collaborations than that of competitive R&D collaborations. These findings suggest that R&D collaborations, either non-competitive
or competitive, exhibit the nature of a win–win situation. We also derive implications for firms’ selection of R&D alliance
partners and government policies. 相似文献
986.
Programmatic research has made important advances during the last decade in understanding how cognitive and psychological variables affect Miranda comprehension and reasoning. However, the effects of situational stressors are largely overlooked in determining the validity of Miranda waivers. As the first systematic investigation, this study uses a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design on 123 undergraduate participants to examine the effects of being apprehended via a mock crime (i.e., stealing a watch from a Plexiglas case) paradigm on Miranda comprehension and reasoning. Besides the mock-crime condition, the mode of advisement (oral or written) and the length of the warning (124 vs. 228 words) were also investigated. When compared to controls, the mock-crime scenario produced moderate to large effects (ds from .58 to .75) on both Miranda recall and subsequent reasoning. In addition, oral advisements resulted in non-significant trend for decrements in Miranda recall. No main effects were observed for length and no significant interactions were found. Interestingly, specific components (e.g., right to counsel and free legal services) were generally more affected than the more familiar first two components (i.e., right to silence and evidence against you). Within the crime-scenario condition, participants with substantially increased state anxiety predictably performed more poorly than those participants whose state anxiety remained relatively stable. Directions for future research and the implications of these findings on our understanding of Miranda abilities are discussed. 相似文献
987.
988.
Much of the work on family violence, adult-on-adult violence, relies heavily on the characteristics of potential victims and
offenders to explain the causes of violence. Family environment-related factors which can be represented by family organization,
resources and stability have received relatively little attention. Those who live in a small family (or alone) may have a
lower level of interaction with family members and a much lower risk of physical abuse compared to those living in larger
family units. Also, the social organization or functionality of a family, which can be assumed from its structure and the
relationships among its members, is likely to be related to the onset of violence. For those living in stable and wealthy
families, violence may occur less often as a result of a reduced chance of conflict or family struggle. Findings of the current
study show that the family environment differentiates the chances of victimization by family members. 相似文献
989.
Micha? Bojanowski Rense Corten Bastian Westbrock 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(6):967-987
Research and development (R&D) partnerships are formed to share the risks and benefits of R&D. At the macro level, they result in a globe-spanning network that can be a valuable source of international knowledge spillovers. This network is the subject of a considerable body of literature. Often-made claims are that R&D collaboration is an important activity in a competitive environment, but that the importance of international partnerships has declined over time. Furthermore, it is claimed that collaborations are disproportionally concentrated within the developed economies. However, this literature fails to account for variations in the sizes of underlying firm populations between countries and over time. We argue that these population sizes create an opportunity structure of available collaboration partners for firms, and that ignoring variations in this structure potentially leads to erroneous conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the R&D network. To address this problem, we study the structure and dynamics of the global R&D network on an international and cross-industry scale using longitudinal data for 1989?C2002. We integrate data on public firms and their R&D partnerships and confront earlier findings with our data and a set of methods, which enables us to correct for the structure and dynamics in the firm population. While our study confirms previous findings concerning the worldwide trend in collaborative activity, it also shows that results on individual countries need correction. In particular, the importance of R&D collaboration for US companies is overestimated, while their openness towards foreign partners is underestimated. 相似文献
990.
R&D managers at 50 firms who have formal relations with two research universities in Stockholm are interviewed about their
rationales for collaboration. Drawing on this material, a distinctive typology of rationales for establishing cooperative
relations is presented. While the typology demonstrates a considerable breadth of interaction rationales, rationales related
to innovation, in terms of invented or improved products or processes, are found to be the main drivers for interaction. Based
on this framework, we analyse which rationales for interaction are consistent with public rationales for supporting university-industry
relationships. Public co-funding that allow firms to influence (part of) the academic agenda is identified as a particularly
interesting case that requires further theoretical attention. 相似文献