Incumbent Vulnerability and Challenger Emergence in Senate Elections

We examine challenger emergence in Senate elections by looking at the 1992 campaign in depth. We develop unproved measures of incumbent: vulnerability using data from the 1988 and 1990 NES Senate Election Studies. These measures are used to test the hypothesis that higher-quality challengers are more likely to challenge vulnerable incumbents. We find generally weak relationships between our incumbent vulnerability measures and challenger quality. Instead, challenger quality scores increase with the size of the pool of potential high-quality challengers.     

论社会保险服务及其公平性

本文立足于我国社会保险存在的问题,对社会保险的性质进行反思,认为社会保险本质上是一种服务,是国家向劳动者提供的分担相关风险的公共服务,不仅应当供应充足,满足每一个有权享受的社会劳动者的需求,而且应当以公平性为出发点和归宿点,确保每一个社会劳动者都能公平地享受。而要衡量社会保险法规政策以及各级政府和社会保险经办机构的工作是否符合公平性的要求,必须建立相应的公平标准,从覆盖范围的广泛性、参与机会的均等性、义务履行的一致性和基本权利的保障性四个方面,明确社会保险应当达到的水平。