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891.
The aims of this study were to determine if dynamic parameters (duration, size, velocity, jerk, and pen pressure) differed for signing style (text-based, stylized, and mixed) and if signing style influences handwriting dynamics equally across three signature conditions (genuine, disguised, and auto-simulation). Ninety writers provided 10 genuine signatures, five disguised signatures, and five auto-simulated signatures. All 1800 signatures were collected using a digitizing tablet resulting in a database of each signature's dynamic characteristics. With genuine signatures, there were significant differences between styles for size, velocity, and pen pressure, and there were significant differences between genuine signatures and at least one of the un-natural signature conditions for all parameters. For velocity and size, these changes with condition were dependent on style. Changes with condition for the other parameters were similar for the three styles. This study shows that there are differences among natural signature styles and disguise behaviors that may be relevant in forensic signature examinations. 相似文献
892.
893.
Michael C. Campbell 《Law & society review》2011,45(3):631-665
This article examines the rise of “law and order” politics in Texas, providing an in‐depth archival case study of changes in prison policy in a Southern state during the pivotal period when many U.S. states turned to mass incarceration. It brings attention to the important role an insurgent Republican governor and law enforcement officials played in shaping crime policy. Law enforcement's role is considered within a broader examination of political strategy during a period of intense socioeconomic volatility. The findings suggest that within particular political contexts, especially those with low levels of political participation, law enforcement agents might play a key role in shaping punishment. 相似文献
894.
Michael G. Turner Crista M. Livecchi Kevin M. Beaver Jeb Booth 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(2):327
Purpose
Gottfredson and Hirschi, in A General Theory of Crime, argue that the primary source of self-control is parental socialization. Specifically, parents who fail to supervise their children, to recognize their child's deviant behavior, and to punish such behavior are more likely to raise children with lower levels of self-control. Recent empirical research, however, has broadened the explanatory factors to include sources within schools, neighborhoods, and individual factors as significant contributors to the development of self-control. This study proposes that maternal smoking during pregnancy places additional limits on the development of self-control.Methods
Using a subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (N = 542), we provide a comprehensive investigation of the variety of sources of self-control to include both individual and environmental covariates.Results
Results indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly impacts the development of self-control net of parental, neighborhood, and school socialization. We also found that individual sources of self-control significantly vary across race and neighborhood context.Conclusions
The sources of self-control are more complex than socialization from parents, schools, and within neighborhoods occurring in childhood and adolescence. 相似文献895.
896.
The concept of citizenship in regard to persons with mental illness has gained increasing attention in recent years, but little empirical research has been conducted on this topic. In addition, little research or conceptual writing has been done on the topic of criminal justice in regard to citizenship for people with mental illness, in spite of the high incidence of criminal charges and incarceration among this group. We review our work on an applied theoretical framework of citizenship, including its origins in mental health outreach work to people who are homeless and in a jail diversion program. We then suggest the contribution the framework can make to the intersecting issues of mental illness, its criminalization in the U.S., and the goal of community integration for people with mental illness. 相似文献
897.
Eric Silver Alex R. Piquero Wesley G. Jennings Nicole L. Piquero Michael Leiber 《Law and human behavior》2011,35(1):49-59
Prior studies have documented linkages between mental disorder and both offending and victimization. However, few studies
have examined the violent offending–violent victimization overlap among mentally disordered individuals and none have examined
the factors that are jointly related to their covariation. Here, we assess this overlap during the first ten weeks following
hospital discharge among a large sample of psychiatric patients from three large cities. Findings indicate that: (1) violent
offending and violent victimization show substantial covariation; (2) although each of the two outcomes were predicted by
a few unique risk factors, several risk factors were similarly predictive of both outcomes; and (3) even after adjusting for
demographic, clinical, and social risk factors, the correlation between violent offending and violent victimization remained
robust. Implications for theory, research, and policy are highlighted. 相似文献
898.
After they stop drivers for exceeding the speed limit, police often have the discretion to alter the penalty. We investigated
the degree to which extra-legal factors (apologies and other verbal responses), in addition to speed over the limit, predict
ticket costs for speeding. Surveys of speeders were conducted in the U.S. and Canada. The data suggest that what people say
to police matters. Participants who reported statements of remorse, e.g., “I’m sorry,” received lower fines for speeding.
The relation of speeders’ responses to ticket costs is discussed from legal and psychological perspectives. 相似文献
899.
Michael F. Caldwell 《Law and human behavior》2011,35(4):275-287
This study examines the association between the facets of psychopathy embedded in the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version
(PCL:YV; Forth et al., Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version, 2003), and changes in institutional behavior and post-treatment
violent and general offending in a sample of juvenile delinquent males treated in the Mendota Juvenile Treatment Center (MJTC),
an intensive treatment program. Affective, Interpersonal, Behavioral and Antisocial facet scale scores were calculated from
items of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth et al., 2003). Data on daily institutional behavior were
collected from treatment records. In order to analyze re-offense patterns, the number and type of new criminal charges were
collected over a mean follow-up of 54 months (range = 24–79 months), after the youth was released from custody. The Interpersonal
facet of the PCL:YV was significantly related to admission behavior problems, while other facet scores were not. Youth with
elevated Interpersonal facet scores showed the greatest improvement in institutional behavior during treatment. Treatment
was also associated with a significant decrease in general and violent offending for each facet. The Interpersonal facet of
the PCL:YV was found to play a key role in institutional and community violence in this study. Treatment appeared to disrupt
the link between institutional and community violence and psychopathy features in this population. 相似文献
900.
Howard MO Hall MT Edwards JD Vaughn MG Perron BE Winecker RE 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2011,32(1):61-70
Suicide by asphyxiation using helium is the most widely-promoted method of "self-deliverance" by right-to-die advocates. However, little is known about persons committing such suicides or the circumstances and manner in which they are completed. Prior reports of suicides by asphyxiation involving helium were reviewed and deaths determined by the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to be helium-associated asphyxial suicides occurring between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2008 were included in a new case series examined in this article. The 10 asphyxial suicides involving helium identified in North Carolina tended to occur almost exclusively in non-Hispanic, white men who were relatively young (M age = 41.1 T 11.6). In 6 of 10 cases, decedents suffered from significant psychiatric dysfunction; in 3 of these 6 cases, psychiatric disorders were present comorbidly with substance abuse. In none of these cases were decedents suffering from terminal illness. Most persons committing suicide with helium were free of terminal illness but suffered from psychiatric and/or substance use disorders. 相似文献