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261.
262.
263.
Guillot E de Mazancourt P Durigon M Alvarez JC 《Forensic science international》2007,166(2-3):139-144
The aim of this study was to evaluate postmortem incorporation of opiates in bone and bone marrow after diacetylmorphine (heroin) administration to mice. Mice were given acute (lethal dose of 300 mg/kg) or chronic (10 and 20 mg/kg/24 h for 20 days) intraperitoneal administration of diacetylmorphine. The two metabolites of diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, were extracted from whole blood, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow and bone (after hydrolysis) using a liquid/liquid method. Quantification was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed that after acute administration, opiates were present in all studied tissues. Morphine concentrations appeared to be higher than those of 6-AM in blood (52.4 microg/mL versus 27.7 microg/mL, n=12), bone marrow (87.8 ng/mg versus 8.9 ng/mg, n=6) and bone (0.85 ng/mg versus 0.43 ng/mg, n=6), but 6-AM concentrations were higher than those of morphine in brain (14.0 ng/mg versus 7.4 ng/mg, n=12) and spinal cord (27.8 ng/mg versus 20.8 ng/mg, n=12). No correlation was found for both compounds between blood concentrations and either brain, spinal cord, bone or bone marrow concentrations while a significant one was found between brain and spinal cord concentrations either for morphine (r=0.89, n=12, p<0.001) or 6-AM (r=0.93, n=12, p<0.001), the concentration being higher in spinal cord than in brain. When bones were stored for 2 months, only 6-AM remained in bone marrow but not in bone. After chronic administration, mice being sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 h after the last injection, no opiate was detected in any studied tissues. Further studies are required, in particular in human bones, but these results seem to show that 6-AM could be detect in bone marrow several weeks after the death and could be an alternative tissue for forensic toxicologist to detect a fatal diacetylmorphine overdose, even if no correlation between blood and bone marrow was observed. On the other hand, neither bone tissue nor bone marrow will allow the confirmation of a chronic diacetylmorphine use. 相似文献
264.
Jean‐Louis Van Gelder 《Law & society review》2010,44(2):239-268
In Latin American cities, around a third of the urban population lives in tenure situations that can be designated as informal, yet variation in the ways and extent to which these arrangements do not comply with law is extensive. Furthermore, informal dwellers often employ a variety of strategies to legitimize and ultimately legalize their tenure, implying a dynamic rather than a static relationship between illegality and legality. Conceiving of land tenure in dichotomous terms, as simply being either legal or illegal, therefore, fails to reflect this diversity, nor does it capture the evolving nature of the relationship between informal settlements and the state system. Drawing from the development of squatter settlements in Buenos Aires, this article proposes an alternative perspective and shows how settlements alternate strategies of noncompliance with adaptation to the state legal system to gradually increase their legality. 相似文献
265.
Audrey Farrugia M.D. Jean‐sébastien Raul M.D. Ph.D. Annie Géraut M.D. Bertrand Ludes M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(5):1371-1374
Abstract: Ricochet of a bullet in the spinal canal is well known by neurosurgeons but relatively not a common event in usual medico‐legal autopsy practice. This article presents a homicide case of a penetrating gunshot injury of the lumbar spine through the T12‐L1 intervertebral foramen with active movement of the projectile within the spinal canal to the L5‐S1 level. This case illustrates a bullet intradural and intramedullary active movement because of a ricochet of the body of T12 with active redirection of the path. In the current literature, different types of migration in caudal or cranial direction, intradural, or intramedullary are reported. If spontaneous migration of T10 to S1 seems to be more frequent, some authors reported a C1 to S2 migration. Such migration could be asymptomatic or induce neurological impairment. The medico‐legal consequences of these migrations within the spinal canal are described. 相似文献
266.
Sonia Oveisi Hassan Eftekhare Ardabili Reza Majdzadeh Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Javad Alaqband Rad Jean Loo 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(2):159-164
The aim of this study was to assess mothers’ attitudes toward Corporal Punishment (CP) of children in Iran. A qualitative
study was carried out using focus group discussions. Five sessions were held among 42 participants (30 mothers and 12 caregivers).
Results indicated that 80% of participants used CP to bring up their children; 70 % did not know the meaning, predisposing
factors, and manifestations of child abuse, and more than 50 % did not know the complications resulting from CP and the ways
of preventing. Their attitude toward CP was that the use of CP was sometimes necessary to bring up their children while their
information about predisposing factors and complications of child abuse might be minimal. The findings have been used in providing
an educational package with the topics of parenting skills in order to decrease child abuse that has been resulted by parents. 相似文献
267.
Environmental effectiveness and economic consequences of fragmented versus universal regimes: what can we learn from model studies? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Andries F. Hof Michel G. J. den Elzen Detlef P. van Vuuren 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(1):39-62
A post-2012 regime aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could develop towards a universal or fragmented regime.
The fundamental difference between a universal and a fragmented regime is that the first involves a single comprehensive climate
regime in which all countries participate, whereas the second involves either multiple treaties or a single treaty in which
not all countries participate. This study assesses the literature on a wide range of different model studies concerning the
environmental effectiveness and economic consequences of various universal and fragmented climate regimes. The most important
conclusions (e.g. relative position of regions in terms of costs) are generally consistent across different studies, despite
the differences in methodology. We conclude that stabilising GHG concentrations at low levels is more costly with a fragmented
regime than with a universal regime, because reduction targets must be achieved by a smaller number of countries or because
fragmented treaties may prevent reducing GHGs where it is cheapest to do so. However, establishing a universal regime will
be challenging due to cost differences between regions if emissions are allocated based on specific allocation rules and incentives
to free-ride on a universal regime. Even though alternative behaviours such as responsibility, the implementation of transfer
schemes or exclusive membership can increase the likelihood of achieving a universal regime, a fragmented regime seems more
feasible. Therefore, a transitional fragmented ‘coalition of the willing’ could be established first, which could provide
the basis for a larger, universal regime in the long term.
相似文献
Andries F. HofEmail: |
268.
Carlos H. Schenck M.D. ; Samuel Adams Lee B.A. ; Michel A. Cramer Bornemann M.D. ; Mark W. Mahowald M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(6):1475-1484
Abstract: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by loss of the muscle atonia of REM sleep, with release of complex and violent behaviors that are often attempted dream-enactments. This study reviewed the literature on RBD with regard to potentially lethal behavior. A total of 39–41 clinical cases of RBD associated with potentially lethal behaviors to self and/or others were found, involving a child and adults of all age groups, that manifested as choking/headlock ( n = 22–24), defenestration/near-defenestration ( n = 7), and diving from bed ( n = 10). A total of 80.8% ( n = 21) were males; 19.2% ( n = 5) were females; mean age was 65.6 ± (SD) 13.8 years (range: 27–81 years, and a child). (Gender/age data were not listed in the remaining cases.) An etiologic association of RBD with a neurologic disorder (or with pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders, n = 4) was present in 21–23 patients. Thus, RBD carries well-documented, potential forensic consequences during RBD episodes that could possibly have been misinterpreted as suicidal or homicidal behavior. 相似文献
269.
This study investigates whether co-offending offers an avenue towards criminal success. Specifically, it considers if current and prior co-offending experience is related to the probability of reporting illegal earnings as well as the amount of these earnings. Using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, we estimated fixed-and random-effects models to test whether co-offending experience is related to self-reported illegal earnings. The models also estimated whether “historical” co-offending experience predicted current illegal earnings. Across both modeling strategies, current and historical co-offending predicted the probability of reporting non-zero illegal earnings, net of offending frequency and controls. There is minimal evidence of a relationship between co-offending experience and the amount of illegal earnings, however. These findings lead us to conclude that access to a relatively common criminal connection—the co-offender—offers tangible benefits to adolescent offenders, primarily by affecting their ability to translate criminal opportunities into monetary gain. 相似文献
270.
Jean François Mayer 《Bulletin of Latin American research》2021,40(3):385-400
This article analyses the repertoire of individual strategies utilised by domestic workers to resist routinised workplace violence in the cities of São Paulo and Ilhéus, Brazil. Findings suggest that domestic workers favour two strategies of resistance: exit (quitting work without prior notice) and voice (negotiating workplace conditions). The latter strategy is divided into two subtypes: voice-pleading (appealing to decency) and voice-confrontation (warning and rights-claiming). Voice strategies appear more effective than exit in ameliorating patterns of chronic workplace violence, particularly when they incorporate labour rights claims and when emotional ties exist between workers and employers. 相似文献