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This paper explores differences between the stated purpose and actual practice of electronically monitored home confinement
as a prison-diversion strategy. Methods and data are triangulated to examine the difference between the stated purposes of
electronic monitoring and its actual usage in two contexts: 1) the decision to imprison/probate; and 2) the actual use of
electronically monitored home confinement. Sentencing information, along with data on employment, family, substance abuse,
prior convictions, and type of offense, were collected on 391 felony offenders sentenced to probation in 1987–89 from three
counties located in two large Metropolitan Statistical Areas in Texas. Information gathered from interviews with probation
officials is also employed. This paper presents an analysis of this data and discusses its implications for future use and
evaluation of electronically monitored home confinement. 相似文献
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Conclusion Brazil’s minicomputer industry has become dependent on government import policy, government financing and domestic private
business. The growth in the domestic component of this industry between 1974 and 1981 suggests that incremental government
policies (short of a transformation to socialism) can alter Brazil’s level of dependency on MNCs, concerning at least one
industry–the minicomputer industry. Therefore, the Brazilian minicomputer model advances the dependency question from “what
is dependency and why does it exist?” to “how can one improve its position in a dependency situation?” Relative success in
the minicomputer industry cannot be construed as victory over Brazil’s dependency on MNCs, which may alter its economic and
political relationship with other countries. Instead, it illustrates a viable model for improving a developing country’s dependency
situation. This infant industry strategy is given more credence due to the rekindling of protectionism by all nations. A definitive
evaluation of Brazil’s minicomputer policies cannot be rendered until this industry has progressed in its growth cycle. As
indicated earlier, signs of both success and failure are evident. In addition, several events may restrict growth in Brazilian
minicomputer firms: (1) restriction of funds due to the enormous foreign debt, (2) corrupt or inappropriate management, (3)
unsuccessful transfer of technology, or (4) intrusion of smaller and less expensive microcomputers into uses now served by
minicomputers. Thus, how effectively Brazil can get out of its overall dependency trap will depend not only on how well it
can apply the minicomputer industry model to other industries, of course, given that the model does succeed in the long–run.
But it will also depend on how well Brazil can deal with the problems listed above.
0259 0255 V 2 相似文献
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John Knight 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2005,5(2):112-123
- This paper examines the very long‐running trade dispute between Australia and New Zealand concerning a ban on the importation of apples on the basis of fire blight disease present in New Zealand. This particular example illustrates the more general case of the frequent conflict between science and politics in regard to technical trade barriers. This same issue of fire blight disease in apples became the subject of a protracted World Trade Organization dispute between the USA and Japan, with New Zealand a third party to the USA, and Australia a third party to Japan. The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body, and subsequently the World Trade Organization Appellate Body, ruled in favour of the USA (and thus New Zealand) on this issue. Despite this ruling, Australia has continued its ban on New Zealand apples and the issue has become highly politicized in Australia.
- This case highlights the need for World Trade Organization rules to be changed to ensure that its rulings become binding on third parties and other World Trade Organization members. This would ensure that once an issue is decided through the full World Trade Organization conflict resolution process, the principles established should become generally applicable to other instances of the same scientific issue.