Reconstructing Citizens as Consumers: Implications for New Modes of Governance

This article examines the relationship between government and the public within a producer–consumer market exchange. Four conceptual problems are identified in relation to the application of market models to the relationship between government and citizen. These types of models fail to account for the essentially political engagement between government and citizens, the collective responsibilities of government, the absence of markets in many areas of government service delivery and the complexity of relations between government and citizens.     

政府预算的科学性与软约束——基于中国财政预算执行情况的实证分析

政府预算作为一种制度设计是对政府行为的一种约束机制,其灵魂体现在政府具有的法治性。然而从我国的财政实践看,政府预算并没有对政府行为产生有效的约束,自由裁量行为在政府预算的编制和执行过程中普遍存在。本文通过对我国财政预算执行情况的分析对政府预算中的软约束现象进行了研究。研究认为,我国政府预算中的软约束现象归因于政府预算的法治性较弱,政府执法的意愿较低。克服这一现象,使政府预算真正发挥对政府行为的约束作用,关键是构建激励相容的机制。     

现代公共行政基本功能:亟待研究的哲学范畴

中国行政学的研究,自上世纪80年代初恢复和发展以来,行政功能的研析一直与职能混淆而使其被严重忽视。本文展开了相应的追踪探源与梳理,揭示了两概念混淆的学术根源;在行政哲学层面,诠释了结构与功能在现代科学研究中固定搭配的意义,据此探析了行政功能与职能的几点重要区别,从理论上解答了亦论不亦的问题;进而阐释了现代行政的三大功能及其关系,揭示出其在当代中国公共行政理论建设中具有的现实紧迫意义。     

Budget reform—the Malaysian experience

Budget reform had been on the Malaysian government agenda for over two decades. The first major effort at budget reform was the introduction of the Malaysian version of Programme and Performance Budgeting System (MPPB) in 1969. Another major restructuring of the budget process took place in 1989 to modify MPPB. The package of modifications was titled the Modified Budgeting System (MBS). This article reviews the development of budget reform over the past decades. It documents the modest progress of MPPB and examines the rationale of the recent reform. The article then surveys the objectives and elements of the latest initiative in greater depth to assess the extent of its improvement over the previous effort. The article also illustrates, based on the lessons learnt from the implementation of MPPB, that an appropriate administrative structure, culture and implementation strategy are all-important for reform success.     

政策执行专职化:政策制定与执行适度分开的改革路径

决策与执行分开是不可能的。政策执行专职化是政策制定与执行分开改革的合适表述。其在中国的现实路径是将设计更有效监督机制放在二者的关系中来考虑。改革要借鉴发达国家的经验,同时还要考虑国情、改革的价值和可操作性。基于以上考虑,本文首先对政策制定与执行适度分开的内涵进行了确认,其次就发达国家和地区的几种改革模式进行了分析,最后就我国的现实改革途径提出了自己的看法和建议。     

公共财政视野下的《预算法》修改

《预算法》是我国最重要的民生法律,其修改引起社会的广泛关注。2011年11月16日,国务院讨论并通过了《中华人民共和国预算法修正案（草案）》,     

Lawyers' lives,lawyers' incomes

Women lawyers, like women generally, earn less money than men for comparable work. This unfortunate conclusion has been reached by many scholars in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.² Frequently the explanations originate in the structure and culture of large law firms. Allan Lind and one of the present authors (Felstiner) collected data on a different segment of the American profession, lawyers who are consulted by individuals, generally practicing on their own or in small firms. This paper presents a picture of the professional lives of these lawyers and information about the connections between income and gender in this generally disregarded sector of the profession (but see Sarat & Felstiner, 1995; Seron, 1996; Van Hoy, 1997; Mather et al., 2001; Levin, 2004).     

论国际投资条约仲裁的正当性缺失及其矫正

随着投资条约仲裁案件不断攀升,国际投资法以及投资条约仲裁凸显其重要性。但由于投资争议的特殊性、有关实体法的模糊或缺失、程序法的缺陷,出现了投资条约仲裁的正当性危机。实际上危机一说有夸张之嫌。经过制度化的改良,如通过增强仲裁程序透明度、允许法庭之友参与仲裁程序、合并审理、遵循先例、加强投资条约仲裁的公共功能等,投资条约仲裁制度的正当性缺失可在相当程度上得以矫正。同时,在国际投资实践中还应该细化投资条约的核心内容、限制管理国家风险、推动ADR和DPPs,以有效地防止争议发生和降低争议解决成本。     

侵权法的基本范畴

权利救济和行为自由是侵权法的基本范畴,贯穿在侵权法思考的始终。侵权法中重要问题的讨论,也都围绕这一基本范畴而展开。自由止于权利。权利救济和行为自由之间存在着互相制约、此消彼长的关系,权利救济范围的扩张,意味着行为自由范围的收缩。反之,行为自由的扩张,权利可获得救济的范围也便收缩。在制定侵权法规范时,在进行侵权案件的裁判时,在考虑对受害人救济的同时,需要考虑权利和自由之间此消彼长的关系。并非权利越多越好。对权利的救济,也并非越多越好。     

Verwaltungsgerichtliche Normenkontrolle Privater gegen Raumordnungs- und Flächennutzungspläne*

Aktuelle Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung, Planungspraxis, Fachliteratur und Rechtsprechung geben Anlass, der Frage des Rechtsschutzes Privater gegen Raumordnungs- und Flächennutzungspläne nach § 47 VwGO erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen. Es zeichnet sich derzeit ab, dass es in dieser Frage zu einem grundlegenden Wandel der bisherigen rechtlichen Beurteilung kommt. * Die Abhandlung beruht auf einem Vortrag, den der Verfasser bei dem von Professor Dr. Wilfried Erbguth geleiteten Rostocker Umweltrechtstag (30. 4. 2004) gehalten hat.