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171.
172.
The end of the twentieth century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy with regard to what they defined as intellectual "property" and the rights granted to the owners of intellectual property, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices. This paper focuses on the case of software "piracy" to assess the mechanisms by which the new global obligations for the treatment of IPRs are transmitted from the international to the national levels. We first consider a set of national-level factors that many scholars have shown to be important determinants of IPR policy. We then supplement the standard emphasis on domestic factors with an analysis of new transnational factors: countries' multilateral obligations under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and bilateral pressures from the United States to increase the protection of IPRs. Population-averaged panel data models are used to assess the effects of these national and transnational determinants on levels of software piracy in 80 countries from 1994 to 2002. Our results indicate that membership in the WTO and bilateral pressures from the United States—particularly pressures that offer reciprocal concessions—lead to substantial increases in levels of protection in rich and poor countries. There is, in short, a new international political economy of intellectual property. 相似文献
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176.
Eight homicidal youths were assessed for language disorders and psychiatric diagnoses using a battery of standardized language tests and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Both language disorders and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-R psychiatric diagnoses were present in all subjects. 相似文献
177.
178.
Although physical punishment has been studied for decades, there are gaps in the literature regarding frequently used form, context, and cross cultural differences. A comparison was made using 227 college students in the United States and Japan, who were presented with four scenarios and surveyed regarding attitudes toward physical punishment, perceptions of appropriate discipline methods, and past experience with physical punishment. Japanese and U.S. respondents reported similar personal experience with physical punishment (Japanese 86%, U.S. 91%). However, U.S. respondents reported a higher likelihood of being hit with an object than did Japanese respondents. For U.S. respondents, the bottom and the hand were the top two sites on the body used for physical punishment, whereas the head and the face were the top two places for the Japanese sample. Unlike U.S. respondents, type of child misbehavior was found to have an impact on Japanese respondents’ views on the appropriate discipline method. 相似文献
179.
Environmental liability and harmonization in the presence of transboundary effects and hidden assets
Henry van Egteren R. Todd Smith Andrew Eckert 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2006,22(2):143-163
Within the context of transboundary disputes, this paper seeks to determine which liability concept, negligence or strict
liability, performs better when assets are secure against foreign claims for transboundary damages. Our results indicate that,
if assets are hidden from foreign claims, strict liability will not implement the socially optimal outcome, but neither will
negligence. However, even though the socially optimal outcome is not always achieved, strict liability weakly dominates negligence.
These results suggest that the harmonization of statues that deal with transboundary pollution should be based on strict liability
not negligence.
JEL classification K32 · Q5
Smith and Eckert both thank SSHRC of Canada for financial assistance. We thank two referees for valuable comments that greatly
improved the paper and Matt Smith for his research assistance. All remaining errors are our responsibility. 相似文献
180.
L J ZIGERELL 《Legislative Studies Quarterly》2010,35(3):393-416
Research indicates that senators evaluate U.S. Supreme Court nominations on two ideological dimensions: the distance between themselves and the nominee, and the potential effect confirmation would have on the Court median. My analysis of nominations from 1968 to 2006 provides evidence that senators are also influenced by the ideological contrast between the nominee and the departing justice. 相似文献