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851.
852.
Pshenichnikov NM 《Sudebno-meditsinskaia ekspertiza》2005,48(3):31-33
A simple technique of sample preparation for gas chromatographic test for acetic acid in cadaveric material has been developed. The background concentration of natural content of acetates in the stomach, liver and kidneys are determined. The error of the method is no more than 10% with standard deviation +/- 0.04-0.13. 相似文献
853.
Current structure of pancreatic traumas of peace time is considered. The dynamics, mechanism and characteristics of pancreastic injury are described. Surgical treatment of pancreatic injuries and causes of their inadequate management are analysed. This will contribute to improvement of the quality of treatment of pancreatic injuries and of expert evaluation. 相似文献
854.
A multimodality dental examination was made and anatomomorphological features of teeth and tooth sequences were studied in 200 policemen using clinical examination, morphological investigation of plaster jaw models, analysis of x-rays and statistics, intraoral videocamera pictures, computer processing. The scheme of creation of dental data bank applicable in personal identification is offered. 相似文献
855.
Zviagin VN Mal'tseva NL Aleksina LA Galitskaia OI 《Sudebno-meditsinskaia ekspertiza》2005,48(6):27-34
We studied 16 sizes of the hyoid bone (HB) from 158 corpses of known gender, Russians, who had died at the age over 15 years by the K. Miller et al program (1998) and 205 back projection electroroentgenograms of the neck of patients of the traumatological hospital in the town of Kirov. HB skeletization was made by the enzymatic drug enzyme. SPSS package and multidimentional statistics (regression and discriminant analyses) were used for data processing. It was established that HB is an informative object of forensic medical personal identification allowing determination of the body length and gender as well as anatomical, x-ray and osteometric individual features. Precision of human body length diagnosis by HB is 6.71-7.26 cm. Therefore, this method should be used in combination with the diagnosis by long tubular bones. Diagnosis of human gender by osteometric signs of HB based on one-dimentional discriminant analysis is feasible in 80-85%, based on canonical discriminant analysis--in 91.1% cases. The method of anatomic, osteometric and roentgenological assessment of HB individuality can be used in personal identification by intravital x-ray of cervical organs and in traumatic defects of HB. The methods may be applied in forensic medical practice in expert examination of body fragments or isolated bone fragments. 相似文献
856.
857.
Jurors in negligence cases are supposed to judge a defendant by the reasonableness of his or her conduct and not by the consequences
of that conduct. But several studies have shown that a cognitive heuristic known as hindsight bias can skew post hoc judgments of some prior behavior. Thus, jurors who must evaluate the actions of a defendant may be influenced inappropriately
by the consequences of those actions. A complementary problem arises when jurors must evaluate the injuries incurred by the
plaintiff. Here, jurors' knowledge about the defendant's allegedly negligent conduct can proactively influence their assessment
of the plaintiff's injuries and determination of damages. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness
of two procedural techniques intended to reduce or eliminate the impact of hindsight bias in negligence cases—multiple admonitions
from a judge about the proper use of evidence—and bifurcation (actually withholding irrelevant evidence from jurors). We presented
a re-enacted automobile negligence trial to 355 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, varied the evidence and instructions
that they heard, and measured liability judgments and damage awards from individual jurors both before and after deliberating,
and from juries. Results showed that admonitions were generally ineffective in guiding jurors to the proper use of evidence
but that bifurcation was relatively more effective. Deliberations had no curative effect on jurors' misapplication of evidence. 相似文献
858.
Carrick C Collins KA Lee CJ Prahlow JA Barnard JJ 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2005,26(3):275-281
Asphyxia, not an uncommon cause of sudden death, may result from numerous etiologies. Foreign-body aspiration and strangulation are 2 extrinsic causes. Airway obstruction may also be caused by laryngeal edema, asthma, infection, or anaphylaxis. Chronic causes of asphyxia include musculoskeletal diseases (eg, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), neurologic disorders (eg, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis), respiratory disease (eg, emphysema, chronic bronchitis), or tumors. The manner of death in cases of asphyxiation may be natural, accidental, homicide, or suicide. For the death investigator, determining the cause and manner of death can often be quite challenging.We report here 2 cases of an esophageal fibrovascular polyp causing sudden asphyxial death, review of the literature, and discussion of other differential diagnoses in the case of asphyxial death. 相似文献
859.
Calacal GC Delfin FC Tan MM Roewer L Magtanong DL Lara MC Fortun Rd De Ungria MC 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2005,26(3):285-291
In a fire tragedy in Manila in December 1998, one of the worst tragic incidents which resulted in the reported death of 23 children, identity could not be established initially resulting in the burial of still unidentified bodies. Underscoring the importance of identifying each of the human remains, the bodies were exhumed 3 months after the tragedy. We describe here our work, which was the first national case handled by local laboratories wherein conventional and molecular-based techniques were successfully applied in forensic identification. The study reports analysis of DNA obtained from skeletal remains exposed to conditions of burning, burial, and exhumation. DNA typing methods using autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) markers reinforced postmortem examinations using conventional identification techniques. The strategy resulted in the identification of 18 out of the 21 human remains analyzed, overcoming challenges encountered due to the absence of established procedures for the recovery of mass disaster remains. There was incomplete antemortem information to match the postmortem data obtained from the remains of 3 female child victims. Two victims were readily identified due to the availability of antemortem tissues. In the absence of this biologic material, parentage testing was performed using reference blood samples collected from parents and relatives. Data on patrilineal lineage based on common Y-STR haplotypes augmented autosomal DNA typing, particularly in deficiency cases. 相似文献
860.
Kocsis RN Middledorp J Try AC 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2005,49(6):662-681
This study undertook an empirically based examination of the cognitive processes associated with the accurate construction of a criminal psychological profile. This was accomplished by comparing the abilities of profilers and nonprofilers in two simulated profiling exercises that measured both profile accuracy and an individual's performance on various tests of memory and comprehension related to the case materials presented in each exercise. The results of these experiments suggest that an incremental relationship exists between comprehension of the case materials and accuracy of the profiles generated. In addition, the findings provide some tentative indications that the comprehension of case material in a narrative (i.e., written) format is an integral cognitive function to proficient profiling. 相似文献