Determination of length of human upper limb long bones from their fragments

It is impossible to measure directly the length of fragmentary or broken long bones. It is in order to calculate the height (stature) of the individual, using magnification factors. An attempt has been made to devise a method of calculating the length from such fragments for the three long bones of the upper limb.     

A multi-chemical death involving caffeine, nicotine and malathion

Death of a 21-year-old man who was found in a shower stall in his residence is described in the study. At the scene, a 3/4 filled blue glass bottle labeled "Black Leaf 40" (an insecticide containing nicotine), a white plastic pitcher 1/3 full of thick white fluid, a beer mug 1/4 full of thick white fluid, and an empty carton of milk were found. In addition, a can of malathion and an empty bottle labeled caffeine also were found in the vicinity. Autopsy was performed, and the gross examinations of organs revealed no specific findings to account for the death. However, marked congestion in lung, liver, spleen and kidney were noted at microscopic level. Autolytic degenerative changes were also observed in stomach, small bowel and colon. Toxicological analyses of the autopsy samples (blood, urine, liver and gastric contents) revealed the presence of caffeine and nicotine in each sample. Malathion was found to be present only in gastric content. Caffeine and nicotine were analyzed by utilizing gas liquid chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector, while malathion was by gas liquid chromatography-flame photometric detector. Analyses of the fluids from the bottle, pitcher and mug disclosed the presence of nicotine in the concentrations of 17.8%, 3.7% and 5.7% (w/w), respectively. The fluids from the pitcher and mug also contained 2.7-2.9% malathion. Results conclude the death was associated with caffeine, nicotine and malathion.     

试论国际组织与国际组织法的关系

一、国际组织在当今国际社会中的作用 (一)数目惊人、无所不在的国际组织 现代意义的国际组织起源于上个世纪法国大革命之后的欧洲。以持续百年的欧洲协调为代表的会议制度,以功能主义为特点的国际行政联盟,为国际组织的诞生从技术上和组织结构上准备了条件,不过整个19世纪尚不具备现代国际组织大规模发展的时代特征:以欧洲为中心的国际舞台过于狭小,多边主义也未能进入国家间交往的主流行列,大国外交与国际会议仍然是那个时代国际社会的主要特征。真正为国际组织的兴起提供肥沃土壤的还是20世纪,特别是第二次世界大战结束以来的后半个世纪。新兴独立国家的激增,科学     

Providing health insurance in rural china: from research to policy

The focus of this case study is utilizing research to influence policy in a large developing country. Our experiences involve the lack of health insurance for China's rural populations and how our research helped shape China's recent policy attention and efforts on this issue. More than 80 percent of China's 700 million rural residents have no health insurance. This has been the case for the past thirty years, since the collapse of the once-successful Rural Cooperative Medical System after the economic reforms of the early 1980s. In 2002, the Chinese government announced a new rural health financing policy to provide health insurance for its rural populations, financed by a matching fund with contributions from central and local governments, as well as from individual households. This article documents the authors' experiences in addressing several critical questions for converting research results into policy actions, including the following: How are researchers to address policy relevant questions? How are they to acquire the attention of top policy makers to a specific problem? When is the issue at hand serious but not yet critical? And lastly, how are researchers to develop policy recommendations that stand a good chance of being accepted and enacted? Major lessons learned include the need to better understand the mandates and institutional constraints of the policy makers, the appropriateness of timing of both research result and policy efforts, how to use a country's cultural context to garner support of the government, how to enhance the policy's impact by combining formal and informal channels of communication for research dissemination, and the importance of following the policy process through the implementation phase to ensure the original objectives are achieved.     

Gender lost and gender found: BRAC's Gender Quality Action-Learning Programme

This article describes and analyzes the BRAC Gender Quality Action-Learning (GQAL) Program. BRAC aims to bring about organizational change and improve program quality through issue analysis, action planning, and implementation with an understanding of gender. During the 1990s, BRAC increased the number of women staff and set up a women's committee. In 1993, it piloted a gender training program. By 1994, BRAC did not know what the real problems were. A needs assessment was carried out among 400 staff in various program types and levels and revealed 3 empowerment issues. An intuitive understanding did not translate into creative solutions. Staff preferred non-confrontation in dealing with women's subordination in the family and community. Staff strongly believed in training as a way of changing behavior and values. BRAC is an organization in transition. The goal is changing the relationship between men and women. BRAC needs multiple perspectives of men and women staff and primary stakeholders. BRAC is gendered. Quantitative targets must be balanced with quality improvements. Quality occurs by analyzing the process and outcomes of programs. The GQAL program and cycle began in 1995. The GQAL outcome was improved working and democratic relationships and more open communication. Success was based on, for example, a field-based learning intervention, followed by trained facilitators, and innovative and tested methodology. Constraints were the perceived lack of top management support in some programs, frequent transfers of staff, and natural disasters. The authors identify future issues.     

行政程序违法的司法审查

行政程序合法是行政行为合法的必备要件 ,因此 ,应对违法的行政程序进行司法审查。行政程序违法的司法审查 ,仅限于法定的外部强制性行政行为并应遵循合法性审查、合理性审查、无司法变更权原则以及一定的步骤。此外 ,行政程序违法的司法审查应以公正和效率为标准 ,根据不同的情况作不同的处理。     

Hong Kong can develop its capitalist system only under the framework of the “One China, Two Systems” policy

Hong Kong is an administrative and economic entity under the sovereignty of the People’s Republic of China, and has developed to be an international center for finance, trade and shipping for history reasons and international favor. Essentially, the local political system adopted by Hong Kong is that of a non-sovereign state as well as a non-political entity. In terms of its makeup, the political system is neither entirely occidental nor completely oriental but an administrative dominative system developed according to Hong Kong’s peculiar characteristics, which has been proved to be effective. It was true when the United Kingdom held the reins of power and it still continues since its territory was returned to the People’s Republic of China. This paper is delivered in the conference “The Evolution of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ in Hong Kong and Macao: Implication for Canada” held by University of Waterloo, Canada on March 24, 2006.     

阿登纳与联邦德国建国初期的重新武装问题

建国初期，联邦德国在重新武装问题上的态度很快由反对转向赞成。之所以如此，主要有以下四个方面的原因：第一，联邦德国人特别是首任总理阿登纳对苏联根深蒂固的成见是他们赞成重新武装并重返西方的一个精神动力；第二，阿登纳反对中立化主张，认为中立将会给联邦德国带来极大的危害甚至灾难；第三，朝鲜战争的爆发是联邦德国决定重新武装和参加西方防务体系的催化剂；第四，重新武装有利于联邦德国的生存、发展和统一。