Migration and Social Reproduction at Critical Junctures in Family Life Course

This review paper focuses on low-income migrants in (or from) developing countries and their social reproduction, and asks what this means for their social protection. We focus on the recognition that migration involves (re)negotiations of social reproduction by migrants and their families. These renegotiations are heavily inflected with gendered power relations in ways that are specific to individual and family life course. As such, migration involves taking on new risks and dynamic vulnerabilities in sustaining everyday and intergenerational social reproduction. These are sharpened by the increasing feminisation of migration flows and obstructed by wider changes in social provisioning and exclusionary citizenship regimes. The resulting social protection challenges unfold over lifetimes, and are especially marked at critical periods of transition. Life-course thinking has the potential to theoretically integrate emerging insights from rich empirical studies; doing this supports the rationale for revaluing the importance of social reproduction within debates about migration and social protection.     

VEP验光方法在常见眼外伤矫正视力检测中的应用研究

目的通过比较VEP验光、电脑验光及主觉插片验光在检测外伤眼屈光度中的关系，探讨VEP验光方法在外伤眼矫正视力中的应用价值。方法本组实验选取各种类型眼外伤患者．伤后3吒月经检查存在视力下降者61人（受检眼61只），分别对伤眼行电脑验光、主觉插片验光及VEP验光，比较三种验光方法所测屈光度及矫正视力之间的差异性。结果经统计学处理．VEP验光与主觉插片验光所测伤眼屈光度和矫正视力无显著性差异（P〉0．05）：电脑验光与主觉验光、VEP验光在球镜屈光度检查上存在显著性差异（P〈0.05），在散光检查方面无明显差异（P〉0．05）；电脑验光所得矫正视力与主觉插片验光、VEP验光所得结果之间均存在显著性差异（P〈0．05），尤其在角膜、虹膜睫状体、晶状体、玻璃体等部位损伤的受检眼中差异更为显著（P〈0．01）。结论电脑验光和VEP验光均是客观的屈光检查方法，前者有方便迅速的优点．但其结果存在较大误差，特别是在屈光系统损伤的患者中误差更大，仅可作为屈光矫正的初步检查依据：而后者验光结果准确，能够反映伤眼的屈光实际情况，可以应用于法医学鉴定中的伤眼最佳矫正视力的评定。     

科学定位 注重质量 突出南开大学精神和办学特色

科学定位,树立正确的办学思想;注重教学质量,提高整体办学水平,是新时期大学改革发展的核心追求.本文从南开大学改革发展的实践出发,从科学定位、提高教学质量、凝练大学精神、办出学校特色等几个方面,对近几年来南开大学改革与探索的经验进行归纳、总结,希望能对同行有所裨益,并敬请专家批评指正.     

Teaching Amina to read

The Government of India has made strides in increasing its education spending and improving access to schools, but there is much left to do. Programmes have concentrated on the expansion of higher education in India. In fact, public spending per student on the tertiary level is over six times what it is on the primary level. Non-enrolment can affect every aspect of a child's life. Education can give young girls the skills to make decisions independent of their husbands or families, access healthcare and other social programmes, and enter the workforce. This article offers reflections on some of the stubborn challenges around girls' education in India, based on a personal experience of volunteering in Jaipur.

Point de vue : enseigner la lecture à Amina

Le gouvernement indien a fait de grands progrès dans l'augmentation de ses dépenses en matière d'éducation et l'amélioration de l'accès aux écoles, mais il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Les programmes se sont concentrés sur l'expansion de l'éducation supérieure en Inde. De fait, les dépenses publiques par étudiant en niveau tertiaire sont plus de six fois supérieures à celles consacrées aux élèves du niveau primaire. La déscolarisation peut influer sur tous les aspects de la vie des enfants. L'éducation peut conférer aux jeunes filles les compétences nécessaires pour prendre des décisions indépendamment de leur mari ou de leur famille, pour accéder aux soins de santé et autres programmes sociaux et pour intégrer la population active. Cet article propose des réflexions sur certains des défis tenaces autour de l'éducation des filles en Inde, fondées sur une expérience personnelle de volontariat à Jaipur.

Ponto de vista: Ensinando Amina a Ler

O Governo da Índia tem feito avanços ao aumentar seus gastos com educação e melhorar o acesso a escolas, mas ainda há muito o que fazer. Os programas têm se concentrado na expansão do ensino superior na Índia. Na verdade, o gasto público por estudante no nível universitário é mais do que seis vezes o gasto no nível primário. A falta de matrícula pode afetar todo aspecto da vida de uma criança. A educação pode oferecer ás meninas as habilidades para tomar decisões independentes de seus maridos ou famílias, acesso a serviço de saúde e outros programas sociais e a entrada no mercado de trabalho. Este artigo oferece reflexões sobre alguns dos desafios constantes acerca da educação de meninas na Índia, com base em uma experiência pessoal de voluntariado em Jaipur.

Punto de vista: enseñando a Amina a leer

El gobierno de India ha aumentado la inversión en educación y ha mejorado el acceso a la enseñanza pero queda mucho por hacerse. En India, los presupuestos se han destinado en gran parte al desarrollo de la educación superior. De hecho, el gasto público por alumno en el nivel universitario es seis veces mayor que en el nivel primario. No inscribirse puede tener efectos en todos los aspectos de la vida de los niños y niñas. La educación puede proporcionar herramientas a las niñas y jóvenes para tomar decisiones independientes de sus esposos o familias, para acceder a los servicios de salud o a otros programas sociales y para ingresar al mercado laboral. Este ensayo presenta algunas reflexiones sobre los grandes retos que existen en India para la educación de las niñas basándose en la experiencia personal de la autora como voluntaria en Jaipur.     

互惠利他理论社会应用的可行性与局限性分析

生物学的互惠利他理论成功地解释了非近亲个体之间的合作与利他行为。该理论应用于人类社会是有其可行性的,主要体现在三个方面：人类的自然属性决定了人与动物的利他行为具有相似之处;互惠利他理论体现了利己和利他的对立统一性;互惠利他理论协调了各种利益冲突,为人类的合作,社会的和谐提供了重要启示。同时该理论也具有一定的局限性：人类的社会属性决定了人与动物的利他行为有着本质区别;互惠利他理论无法说明纯粹利他行为。     

论我国经济体制改革的历程和前景

我国经济体制改革30年的伟大历程，是伟大创举，艰难探索的历程；是整体推进。成功跨越的历程。展望经济体制改革的前景，是不断完善，成熟定型的社会主义市场经济体制预期。     

达尔文“利他主义难题”的消解及其对社会和谐的启示

自然选择学说是达尔文进化论的核心，该学说强调生物个体间的生存竞争，但它在解释利他行为时遇到了困难。互惠利他理论运用博弈论分析了基于回报的利他行为在合作进化过程中的性质，指出个体的合作和利他行为也是一种生存策略。互惠利他理论从一个侧面解释了“利他主义难题”并对实现社会的和谐有着重要的启示。     

A simple and cost-effective method for preparing DNA from the hard tooth tissue, and its use in polymerase chain reaction amplification of amelogenin gene segment for sex determination in an Indian population

The use of teeth as an important resource in the analysis of forensic case history by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other related methods has been reported. However, a major drawback in using teeth has been that the DNA is present only in trace amounts, and the methods to recover DNA from the flinty material have not been efficient or cost effective. In this report, we describe a method to prepare DNA from the hard tooth tissues. Our studies show that ultrasonication of teeth samples yields sufficient amounts of good quality DNA useful for PCR-based diagnostic methods. The teeth could serve as a reliable source of DNA for amplification-based forensic methods in sex determination. DNA could be obtained from any tooth, regardless of the age of subject. Furthermore, by using the AMEL gene-based primers in PCR, we have shown that the AMEL gene serves as a good marker for sex determination in the Indian population. In our study, the PCR-based method was sensitive and proved to be successful for sex determination with a complete specificity.     

Statistical analysis of impact parameters of soft nose bullet fired on windowpane

Proper collection of glass evidence from crime spot is very important for its latter probative values. Glass evidence when properly collected and analyzed becomes a powerful witness and it can speak truth long after the crime. In criminal investigation glass evidence can tell what had happened and when it had happened. In the present study, a statistical regression analysis relationship between thickness of windowpane used as targets by soft nose bullet using.315"/8mm caliber sporting gun made in ordnance factory, India and various associated impact parameters were investigated. The relationship is found to be reasonably linear. The ballistics performance of windowpane has been found to correlate with the shear strength behavior above the elastic limit.