实验性脑挫伤后 Fos蛋白和 NGFR变化与损伤时间关系的研究

目的 检测分析不同损伤时间组实验大鼠脑挫伤灶周围神经细胞中 NGFR阳性染色强度变化与损伤后经过时间之间的关系,对其在脑挫伤时间推断中的作用作出评价。方法 运用免疫组织化学技术（ SABC法）,结合计算机彩色图像分析技术观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后原癌基因 c－ fos的表达产物 Fos蛋白和神经生长因子受体（ NGFR）的染色变化。结果 （ 1）伤后 0.5h组在挫伤灶周围可见 Fos阳性染色细胞出现。伤后 3h组阳性表达数量和强度达峰值,且分布广泛。后表达逐渐降低。 1d后各组未见 Fos阳性染色强度增加的细胞。对照组染色为阴性。（ 2）伤后 1d组在挫伤灶周围可见少量 NGFR阳性染色细胞,以神经细胞表达为主。伤后 3d组,阳性细胞表达与 1d组相比有显著性增强 (P< 0.01), 数 量 和 着 色 强 度 达 到 高 峰 , 量 多 且 染 色 深 。 之 后 逐 渐 缓 慢 减 弱 。 对 照 组 染 色 为 阴 性 。 可 见 脑 挫 伤 后 Fos和 NGFR在 损 伤 局 部 的 阳 性 染 色 分 别 在 伤 后 早 期 及 随 后 较 晚 时 段 里 出 现 。 前 者 表 达 时 间 短 暂 , 而 后 者 则 持 续 时 间 较 长 , 但 都 有 一 定 的 规 律 性 。 结 论 Fos蛋 白 和 NGFR变 化 可 用 于 脑 挫 伤 后 不 同 时 段 的 损 伤 时 间 推 断 。     

Ocular findings in pediatric deaths under 2 years of age (1994-2004)

Abstract:  Our purpose is to highlight novel ocular findings of 102 forensic pediatric cases under 2 years of age who die suddenly. Forensic information, grossing, and microscopic eye protocol was followed. The most common diagnosis was Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (57/102). Novel cytoid bodies were present in the retina of 72/102 cases and they were located predominantly 90% (65/72) at the anterior part of the retina ( p  < 0.001). Of the SIDS cases, 85% (47/57) showed the presence of cytoid bodies, and among all diagnosis, SIDS was the most associated with cytoid bodies ( p  = 0.003). A second observation was extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) identified in 35/102 cases and 22 of the 57 SIDS cases. The most frequent EMH location was the choroids (29/35). This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of cytoid bodies and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the retinas of SIDS cases and children who die suddenly from other causes.     

Costal cartilage calcification pattern--a clue for establishing sex identity

Radiological study of costal cartilage calcification patterns in establishing the sex identity is conducted in Southern Indians. Three major patterns of calcification capable of establishing sex identity were noticed. Calcification was not observed below the ages of sixteen years in the female and twenty years in the male. This, though seriously limits the applicability of the method to age groups of sixteen and twenty years and above in the female and male sexes respectively, the ease, rapidity and relative inexpensiveness of the procedure in both living as well as dead and decomposed, requiring little expertise, recommends its use especially where a forensic expert is readily not available.     

Incentivizing Fiscal Transfers in the Indian Federation

The sharp deterioration in the fiscal health of the states hasbeen a matter of concern for policymakers. The remedial measuresrecently taken include the institution of the Medium Term FiscalRestructuring Policy (MTFRP), stipulating performance requirementsfor borrowing from the World Bank and the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB), and the Accelerated Power Development and ReformProgram (APDRP). This article evaluates these schemes. The importantconclusions are that (1) incentive-linked transfers are toosmall to make any difference to fiscal performances, (2) multipleschemes create segmented incentives, (3) there are serious problemsof design, and (4) the schemes do not address the basic causesof deterioration in the states 'fiscal performance.     

英租威海卫司法殖民之特性分析

本文从司法体制和司法管理,分析了英租威海卫时期的司法具有三个特点:司法不独立,具有鲜明的行政化特色;司法权外来和受限控、诉讼资源极为有限;吸收中国传统的调解制并加强规范管理,指出这些特点是英国司法殖民本性的体现。     

一国两制中的若干法律问题

<正> 实现香港、澳门的回归、台湾的统一,完成祖国统一大业,是全体中国人民的历史使命。指导我们完成这一使命的基本方针,就是邓小平同志提出的“一国两制”的伟大构想。这一构想为解决历史遗留问题开创了崭新的思路,成为我国处理港澳台问题的基本国策,是小平同志建设有中国特色社会主义理论的重要内容,也是小平同志留给我们中华民族的不朽的政治遗产。     

Can participation be induced? Some evidence from developing countries 1

Influenced by Amartya Sen, over the last decade, The World Bank has allocated nearly US$80 billion to local participatory development projects targeting poverty, improved public service delivery, and strengthened social cohesion and government accountability. But the success of these programs is hindered by both endogenous local factors and flawed program design and implementation. Two especially important local obstacles are (1) entrenched interests of political agents, civil bureaucrats, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with either incentives to resist or capabilities to appropriate program resources, and (2) poverty and illiteracy, as the poor and illiterate participate less and benefit less from participatory projects than do the wealthier, more educated, and more connected. After reviewing hundreds of participatory projects, three lessons are clear for program planning. First, contextual factors like inequality, history, geography, and political systems (among others) are important. Second, communities do not necessarily have a ready stock of ‘social capital’ to mobilize. Third, induced participatory interventions work best when supported by a responsive state – donors cannot substitute for a non-functional state, and successful programs combine enlightened state action from above with social mobilization from below. Future participatory development projects would benefit substantially from revised planning and considerably more attention paid to evaluation and monitoring. Project managers have historically paid little attention to context, monitoring, or evaluation, in part because The World Bank’s operational policies did not provide incentives to do so. Donor agencies should also exercise greater patience and allow for flexible, long-term engagement to facilitate contextual and programmatic learning, including learning from failure.     

"得依法律限制之":《临时约法》基本权利条款源流考

《临时约法》与晚清的《钦定宪法大纲》不同,将基本权利一章置于国家机构之前,以宣示人民对于政府的前提性与根本性。但《临时约法》第十五条　“得依法律限制之”的规定,却为政府立法侵蚀宪法基本权利提供了借口。《临时约法》第十五条　的规定,在法例上,可追溯到日本明治宪法第二十九条　“在法律范围内”和普鲁士宪法第二十七条　“非依法律不得设之”的规定;在思想上,源于清末民初国情论下的自由观。经过民国三十多年的立宪论争,《临时约法》第十五条　“得依法律限制之”被1947年《中华民国宪法》第二十三条　“不得以法律限制之”取代。这对现行《中华人民共和国宪法》第五十一条　等条款的修改与完善,不无借鉴意义。     

专利联营概念的探析与界定

专利联营是一种非常重要而复杂的产业组织形式,对其进行深入的研究具有重要的现实意义。我国对专利联营的研究才刚刚起步,甚至缺少对专利联营概念的基础性研究。从词源学的角度入手,通过对专利联营的成因、国内外相关概念的梳理及其属性的分析,试图对专利联营的概念进行科学的界定。