Non-Heart-Beating Organ Donation: A Defense of the Required Determination of Death

The family of a patient who is unconscious and respirator-dependent has made a decision to discontinue medical treatment. The patient had signed a donor card. The family wants to respect this decision, and agrees to non-heart-beating organ donation. Consequently, as the patient is weaned from the ventilator, he is prepped for organ explantation. Two minutes after the patient goes into cardiac arrest, he is declared dead and the transplant team arrives to begin organ procurement. At the time retrieval begins, it is not certain that the patient's brain is dead or that cardiac function cannot be restored. Procurement follows uneventfully, and two transplantable kidneys are retrieved .     

The Benefits and Threats of PBB: An Assessment of Modern Reform

PBB is more vulnerable to threats from fraud, falsification, and misrepresentation than were previous budgeting systems Vulnerability grows from complexity, dependence on performance data, year-to-year changes in strategic focus, and the great expansion of the numbers of kinds of specialists involved in the process It appears to grow out of PBB's widely recognized benefits Transparency has been put forward as the primary protective device against threats to PBB; however, this has problems with both definition and operationalization. The fix may be a number of coordinated measures, most importantly the inculcation of sound ethical standards throughout an organization using PBB     

The Policy Brief: Building Practical and Academic Skills in International Relations and Political Science

The policy brief is an innovative and underutilised form of teaching, learning and assessment which provides undergraduate students with practical skills that translate directly into the workplace. This alternative to standard essays also challenges students to expand their research, writing and presentation skills. Further pedagogical advantages include assisting students in building personal development portfolios, improving internship programmes and making it difficult to plagiarise. International relations and political science curricula in the UK would benefit from the wider use of this tool.     

Power and morality: a misleading dichotomy

This article critically addresses E H Carr's dichotomy of power and morality by demonstrating that all analytical languages used to articulate world affairs systematically refer to both power and morality, albeit in a different manner. The distinction between the two concepts is an analytical one, rather than a dichotomy of the kind that Carr constructs. Although Carr's dichotomy has recently resurfaced as a distinction between ‘communitarianism’ and ‘cosmopolitanism’, such an interpretation of his work remains problematic. This is demonstrated through a case study of President Jimmy Carter—whose policies manifest both realist and liberal approaches and combine power-centred concerns with moralistic ones. Therefore, in practical world affairs, there is no power-morality dichotomy; there are only different accounts of what both power and morality entail.     

秩序愿景——美国战略中的日本与中国

对于秩序的追求一直是对外交家与政治家的挑战。经历了一个世纪的冲突、革命与战争向世界大国之问基于共同利益的合作模式的演化，才有了今天自由主义的国际经济与政治秩序。但是，国际体系并不是一个自我约束的机制，秩序一旦建立，它的维系需要富有重大责任的主要大国积极而充分地参与到这一体系的有效合作中来。