Die Eingriffsregelung zur Verringerung des Flächenverbrauchs

Zur Eind?mmung des zu hohen Fl?chenverbrauchs werden derzeit verschiedene Instrumente diskutiert. Die naturschutzrechtliche Eingriffsregelung spielt dabei eine eher untergeordnete Rolle. Ihre Regelungen werden für ausreichend gehalten und ihr besserer Vollzug angemahnt. Dabei wird übersehen, dass auch strukturelle Merkmale der Eingriffsregelung, beispielsweise ihre universelle Anknüpfung an s?mtliche Funktionen des Naturhaushalts, eine Nutzung als Fl?chensparinstrument behindern. Um die Eingriffsregelung zur Verringerung des Fl?chenverbrauchs zu nutzen, ist eine fl?chenbezogene Optimierung n?tig.     

Empowering farmers? Collaborative research at Sokoine University of Agriculture,Tanzania

This article presents experiences with collaborative and on-farm research based on the implementation of a four-year Programme for Agricultural and Natural Resources Transformation for Improved Livelihoods (PANTIL) at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Morogoro, Tanzania. It outlines the basic elements in the implementation of a programme aimed to be demand-based, and discusses the challenges encountered in combining collaborative research with the empowerment of farmers. Finally, the article draws out some lessons with implications for the future organisation of collaborative and on-farm agricultural research.     

Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority

This paper assesses whether perceived punishment severity changesdiscontinuously when an individual becomes an adult in the eyesof the courts. I find that the perceived chance of jail increasesby 5.2 percentage points at the age of criminal majority, whichis over and above the general effect of aging. The magnitudeof this subjective change in the chance of jail at the age ofmajority appears to be substantially smaller than that foundin objective data. Finally, a reduced-form analysis of whetherself-reported criminal behavior changes discontinuously at theage of criminal majority finds little consistent evidence ofdeterrence.     

Wirksame Unterschutzstellung von Natura-2000-Gebieten

Nachdem die ersten Listen der „Gebiete von gemeinschaftlicher Bedeutung“ ver?ffentlicht wurden, gewinnt das Europ?ische Netz „Natura 2000“ langsam Kontur. Jetzt ist es an den Mitgliedstaaten, diese Gebiete als „besondere Schutzgebiete“ auszuweisen. Wie eine wirksame Unterschutzstellung auszusehen hat, wird dabei auch durch die Rechtsprechung des EuGH zu den „faktischen Vogelschutzgebieten“ und den „potenziellen FFH-Gebieten“ beeinflusst. Danach ist noch nicht endgültig gekl?rt, welche Gebiete von einem vorwirkenden Rechtsschutz von Vogelschutz- und FFH-Richtlinie erfasst sind und wie dieser Schutz im Einzelnen aussieht. Diesen Unsicherheiten k?nnen die Landesbeh?rden und -gesetzgeber durch eine zügige und den gesetzlichen Anforderungen genügende Ausweisung der Natura-2000-Gebiete begegnen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die europ?ischen und bundesrechtlichen Anforderungen an die Unterschutzstellung und zeigt beispielhaft, wie die L?nder Niedersachsen und Rheinland-Pfalz diese Vorgaben umsetzen.     

“AGING OUT: DON'T MISS OUT”—A MODEL OF COMMUNITY LEGAL EDUCATION

Typically, community legal education projects are ad hoc efforts where attorneys, law students, paralegals, or community organizers present how‐to workshops, develop manuals, or lead informational or training sessions for other attorneys, advocates, or members of the community. However, community education efforts can also promote and encourage public awareness, community engagement, and advocacy. This essay explores why community legal education efforts are needed and particularly well suited for youth transitioning out of foster care, and examines a specific community legal education effort that is being implemented with and on behalf of foster youth transitioning out of New Jersey's foster care system. The hope is that by studying this example, others may learn from it and be inspired to replicate it, as part of a state's or a community's overall effort to aid, empower, and engage foster youth.     

Perceptions and practices of farmer empowerment in Tanzania

The purpose of this article is to review the implementation of various empowerment interventions in Tanzania. Data for the review are based on field visits to programmes/projects/organisations involved in implementing empowerment interventions in various regions of the country. These visits involved key-informant interviews, sample surveys, and focus-group discussions with farmers. The review highlights the perceptions of empowerment at the levels of project staff and practitioners/beneficiaries, as well as the approaches used by various organisations and projects in implementing empowerment activities. In addition the article discusses the factors perceived to lead to empowerment, as well as its consequences.     

The “Will to Empower”: Managing the Complexity of the Others

Intersectionality is a concept that aims at handling the complexity of social life. It is often presented as a sensitive, and thus accountable, approach to the complexity of life lived in an age of globalization, migration, and displacements of identities, individuals, and groups. This notion of intersectionality presupposes that approaching complexity requires more than the mere adding up of categories like race, class, and gender; it requires an approach presupposing that these categories intersect in mutually constitutive ways in and through socio‐cultural hierarchies and power dimensions that produce complex relations of inclusion, exclusion, domination, and subordination. For feminists, this constructivist approach to identity categories seems promising; on the one hand, intersectionality rejects essentialism and reductionism, on the other hand, the complexity sensitivity of intersectionality maintains the possibility of feminist politics in a complex world, because politics no longer amounts to essentialist identity politics. In this article we want to ask, however, if the complexity sensitivity of intersectionality really is the solution to the problem of potential essentialism and reductionism in feminism. Or does intersectionality rather reproduce the problem of reductionism and the logic of identity in new, more sophisticated forms? Can feminism at all avoid essentialism and processes of othering? Is it possible to come to terms with the “will to power” inherent in all research by demonstrating a “will to empower”? The purpose of this article is not to evaluate whether different intersectionality studies are capable of accounting for complexity and thereby making it possible to avoid essentialism, reductionism, and othering. The purpose is, rather, to highlight and discuss some implications of the constructionism of intersectionality. As we will try to show, the constructionism that is claimed to form the basis of intersectionality, in opposition to additive approaches to social differences, is sometimes compromised for the sake of accountability.     

How Do Gender Values and Household Practices Cohere? Value–Practice Configurations in a Gender-egalitarian Context

Previous research has revealed a paradoxical simultaneity of egalitarian gender values and inegalitarian practices in Europe. The social-democratic welfare states, i.e. the Nordic countries, however, stand out collectively as having the most consistent relationship between egalitarian values and practices. The present article examines the consistencies and inconsistencies between gender values and practices among Norwegian married and cohabiting women and men, focusing particularly on the division of housework and childcare. Drawing on data from the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey, we identify four distinct types of value–practice relationships in families. Analysis of predicted class membership probabilities reveals that half of our sample belongs to a family type with consistent gender values and household practices, of whom the majority has consistent egalitarian values and egalitarian practices. The other half belongs to a family type with inconsistent value–practice relationships. These are significantly gendered, leading us to recast the so-called paradoxical simultaneity of egalitarian values and inegalitarian practices into a female paradox and the simultaneity of inegalitarian values and egalitarian practices into a male paradox. We attribute the gendered nature of the inconsistencies between values and practices mainly to women's and men's dissimilar perceptions of how everyday household work is apportioned between partners.