Gender-Specific Relationships Between Depressive Symptoms, Marijuana Use, Parental Communication and Risky Sexual Behavior in Adolescence

A large body of research has identified correlates of risky sexual behavior, with depressive symptoms and marijuana use among the most consistent psychosocial predictors of sexual risk. However, substantially less research has examined the relationship between these risk variables and adolescent risky sexual behavior over time as well as the interaction of these individual-level predictors with family-level variables such as parenting factors. Additionally, most studies have been restricted to one index of risky sexual behavior, have not taken into account the complex role of gender, and have not controlled for several of the factors that independently confer risk for risky sexual behavior. Therefore, the current study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and parameters of parenting on marijuana use, number of sexual partners and condom usage measured 9 months later for both boys and girls. Participants were 9th and 10th grade adolescents (N = 1,145; 57.7 % female). We found that depressive symptoms may be a gender-specific risk factor for certain indices of risky sexual behavior. For boys only, marijuana use at Time 2 accounted for the variance in the relationship between depressive symptoms at Time 1 and number of partners at Time 2. Additionally, strictness of family rules at Time 1 was associated with the number of partners with whom girls engaged in sex at Time 2, but only among those with lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 1. Results from the current investigation speak to the utility of examining the complex, gender-specific pathways to sexual risk in adolescents. Findings suggest that treatment of mental health and substance use problems may have important implications in rates of risky sexual behavior and, conceivably, controlling the high rates of serious individual and public health repercussions.     

Artenschutz durch handelbare Zertifikate?

Handelbare Zertifikate gelten seit einiger Zeit als erfolgreiches Instrument, um Umweltschutzziele m?glichst effektiv und kosteneffizient zu erreichen. Der vorliegende Beitrag besch?ftigt sich mit der Frage, ob dieses Instrument auch im Artenschutz angewandt werden k?nnte. Dabei beschr?nken wir uns darauf, den Grundgedanken des Konzepts aus umwelt?konomischer Sicht darzulegen, potentielle Anwendungsfelder eines Zertifikatehandels im deutschen Recht zu identifizieren und zu umrei?en, wo weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht. Bei der Identifikation potentieller Anwendungsfelder fragen wir, ob und inwieweit unter den geltenden rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen beeintr?chtigte Habitate geschützter Arten durch neu geschaffene Habitate ersetzt werden k?nnen. Der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtungen liegt auf den Kompensationspflichten der Eingriffsregelung, den Zugriffsverboten des Artenschutzrechts und dem Koh?renzausgleich der FFH-Richtlinie.     

Agents of Change or Unchanging Agents? The Role of Lawyers within Russian Industrial Enterprises

The transition from state socialism toward market capitalism has led to an almost endless supply of new laws and legal institutions. Industrial enterprises need to adapt to this new institutional regime. In-house lawyers are well placed to be agents of change in facilitating this adjustment. Using survey data from 328 Russian enterprises, the article examines the role of company lawyers, asking whether they have fulfilled this potential. Legal expertise is not in short supply, but lawyers are marginalized within the enterprise. They focus on established, routine tasks, such as handling labor relations or drafting form contracts, rather than on shaping enterprise strategies in the newer areas created by the transition, such as corporate governance or securities law. The failure of in-house lawyers to emerge as agents of change in Russia reflects a continuation of their low status during the Soviet era and the lack of professional identity among these company lawyers.     

Questions of gender in a multicultural society

The relationship between multiculturalism and feminism has been hotly debated both theoretically and politically. This article approaches the issue through a critical assessment of Susan Moller Okins article, "Is multiculturalism bad for women?" (1999) and argues that some forms of feminist critique of multiculturalism run the risk of upholding and strengthening monoculturalism in its most excluding form. Norwegian integration politics are critically evaluated in light of this discussion.     

Rechtliche Instrumente zur Lösung von Konflikten zwischen Artenschutz und wirtschaftlicher Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen durch den Menschen am Beispiel Kormoranschutz und Teichwirtschaft

Was tun, wenn sich geschützte Tierarten so gut entwickeln, dass sie der Wirtschaft oder anderen Arten erhebliche Schäden zufügen können? Neben der Bestandsregulierung der betreffenden Art kommen insbesondere Ausgleichszahlungen an die Geschädigten in Betracht. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass die entsprechenden gesetzlichen Möglichkeiten aber die spezifischen Besonderheiten einzelner Arten nicht ausreichend berücksichtigen können und deshalb zu einer effektiven Konfliktlösung kaum geeignet sind. Inhaltlich knüpfen die nachfolgenden Ausführungen an einen Beitrag von Künkele (NuR 1988, 334) zum Rechtsschutz von Graureiher und Kormoran nach der alten Rechtslage an. *) Die Autorin ist Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH und beschäftigt sich schwerpunktmäßig mit Naturschutz- und Artenschutzrecht.