Can participation be induced? Some evidence from developing countries 1

Influenced by Amartya Sen, over the last decade, The World Bank has allocated nearly US$80 billion to local participatory development projects targeting poverty, improved public service delivery, and strengthened social cohesion and government accountability. But the success of these programs is hindered by both endogenous local factors and flawed program design and implementation. Two especially important local obstacles are (1) entrenched interests of political agents, civil bureaucrats, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with either incentives to resist or capabilities to appropriate program resources, and (2) poverty and illiteracy, as the poor and illiterate participate less and benefit less from participatory projects than do the wealthier, more educated, and more connected. After reviewing hundreds of participatory projects, three lessons are clear for program planning. First, contextual factors like inequality, history, geography, and political systems (among others) are important. Second, communities do not necessarily have a ready stock of ‘social capital’ to mobilize. Third, induced participatory interventions work best when supported by a responsive state – donors cannot substitute for a non-functional state, and successful programs combine enlightened state action from above with social mobilization from below. Future participatory development projects would benefit substantially from revised planning and considerably more attention paid to evaluation and monitoring. Project managers have historically paid little attention to context, monitoring, or evaluation, in part because The World Bank’s operational policies did not provide incentives to do so. Donor agencies should also exercise greater patience and allow for flexible, long-term engagement to facilitate contextual and programmatic learning, including learning from failure.     

"得依法律限制之":《临时约法》基本权利条款源流考

《临时约法》与晚清的《钦定宪法大纲》不同,将基本权利一章置于国家机构之前,以宣示人民对于政府的前提性与根本性。但《临时约法》第十五条　“得依法律限制之”的规定,却为政府立法侵蚀宪法基本权利提供了借口。《临时约法》第十五条　的规定,在法例上,可追溯到日本明治宪法第二十九条　“在法律范围内”和普鲁士宪法第二十七条　“非依法律不得设之”的规定;在思想上,源于清末民初国情论下的自由观。经过民国三十多年的立宪论争,《临时约法》第十五条　“得依法律限制之”被1947年《中华民国宪法》第二十三条　“不得以法律限制之”取代。这对现行《中华人民共和国宪法》第五十一条　等条款的修改与完善,不无借鉴意义。     

专利联营概念的探析与界定

专利联营是一种非常重要而复杂的产业组织形式,对其进行深入的研究具有重要的现实意义。我国对专利联营的研究才刚刚起步,甚至缺少对专利联营概念的基础性研究。从词源学的角度入手,通过对专利联营的成因、国内外相关概念的梳理及其属性的分析,试图对专利联营的概念进行科学的界定。     

当代“啃老族”思想政治教育的现实难点及路径选择

当代“啃老族”的形成不仅是个人问题或家庭问题,更是一个社会问题。日益激烈的社会竞争,不当的教育,弱化的舆论压力以及对自身状况形成的归因偏差,导致“啃老族”难于走出“啃食”困境。为了使“啃老”不再是青年的一种选择,思想政治教育工作者应树立“以人为本”的观念,重视“啃老族”的个体价值定位和开发,着重培养其独立、自强意识;主动与家庭、学校、社区合作,营造“合力”,增加“啃老族”“啃食”的成本;同时,还要注重思想政治工作与解决“啃老族”实际问题相结合;参照国外“NEET”教育的成功经验,创新中国“啃老族”的思想政治教育。     

我国银行业滥用市场支配地位的反垄断法分析

我国银行业的竞争日益激烈,然而又频频出现银行依据自身在特定条件下的优势地位损害消费者利益的行为,这种行为符合《反垄断法》规制的“滥用市场支配地位”的行为。银行业相关市场的构成应考虑产品和地域因素,市场支配地位的认定应结合我国的具体国情,判断滥用行为应正确区分合理正当的商业经营行为与限制、排除竞争的经营行为。     

苏军驻中国东北研究述略

1945年8月苏联出兵中国东北,直到1946年5月撤出除旅大外的东北地区,而全部撤出旅大地区则在1955年5月.苏军在对日宣战和驻扎东北期间,为反法西斯战争和中国抗战的胜利作出了重大贡献,对中国革命事业的发展也起了积极的作用,但与此同时也做出一些令人遗憾的事情.     

Forensic evaluation of occupational marks in establishing identity—A case report

The livings have responsibilities for the dead; and in particular, civilized societies recognize the need for identity both during life and at death, particularly in circumstances when an unknown body is summoned for medico-legal autopsy. There are numerous tools for identification of an unknown body which includes visual identification, fingerprints, medical prostheses, odontological techniques, DNA fingerprints and to include in the list is the occupational marks over the body sustained during the course of his or her profession. The medico-legal investigators should possess comprehensive knowledge of such occupational marks, which aid in identification. We are highlighting a case of rare entity, where a forensic evaluation of occupational marks was done to establish the identity of an unknown elderly male, who committed suicide by ligature hanging.     

死后组织DNA变化与死亡时间关系的研究

为调查死后组织DNA含量变化与死亡时间的关系,本文采用流式细胞仪对死后0～96小时(0～96hourpostmortem,hpm)大鼠的骨骼肌、脾、肾细胞DNA含量进行分析,结果表明,各组织显示了随死后间隔时间延长,含碎片DNA细胞增多,含完整DNA细胞减少的趋势;DNA降解系列组方图分析结果表明,脾组织降解速度明显快于肾和骨骼肌组织;骨骼肌在制成单细胞悬液过程中的人为损伤,可造成DNA提前降解.     

科学基金管理中的程序法问题初探

一、我国科学基金管理程序法的滞后随着我国科技发展战略的实施,科技投入不断加大,同时国家出台了相应的科技法律法规。这些法律法规有力地保障了国家科技政策的有效执行以及科研活动的顺利开展,但在法律法规的运行中也出现了一些不尽如人意的问题。(一)科学基金管理法规运行中的违规行为尽管我国的科研经费投入无论在占国民生产总值的比例上,还是在绝对数量上都与科技发达国家有不小的差距,但随着我国科技发展战略的实施,科技投入已经呈现出良好的开端。国家科技活动经费投入保持较快增长。2001年国家财政科技拨款额达703.3亿元,比上年增加…     

论我国行政公开制度的完善——兼谈《行政公开法》的制定

行政公开是现代民主政治的应有之义,许多国家制定了关于行政公开的法律,将行政公开制度以法律的形式确定下来。我国是社会主义国家,有着比资本主义国家更广泛的民主基础,完善我国的行政公开制度,并在此基础上制定《行政公开法》也是社会主义民主的必然要求和现实的客观需要。