Practical benzylation of N,N-substituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents for analysis and detection by electron ionization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

The benzylation of three low molecular weight N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to furnish derivatives with improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles is described. Due to their low molecular weight and polar nature, N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines are notoriously difficult to detect by routine GC-MS analyses during Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) proficiency tests (PTs), particularly in scenarios when they are present at low levels (~1–10 ppm) amidst more abundant interferences. Our studies revealed that the optimal derivatization conditions involved the treatment of the ethanolamine with benzyl bromide in the presence of an inorganic base (e.g., Na₂CO₃) in dichloromethane at 55°C for 2 h. This optimized set of conditions was then successfully applied to the derivatization of N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine and N,N-diisopropylethanolamine present separately at 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations in a glycerol-rich matrix sample featured in the 48th OPCW PT. The benzylated derivatives of the three ethanolamines possessed retention times long enough to clear the massive glycerol-containing matrix interferences. The protocol herein is introduced as an alternative method for derivatization of these CWA and pharmaceutically important species and should find broad applicability in laboratories where routine forensic analysis is carried out.     

信赖保护原则--现代诚信海关新坐标

信赖保护原则起源于罗马法中的“诚信原则”。随着社会主义市场经济的逐步发展和完善, 这一原则也将最终被植入现代行政法领域,从而对现代行政管理产生重大影响。对于建设现代海关第二步发展战略而言,信赖保护也应当成为打造现代诚信海关的新坐标。     

新时期高校党的组织生活改革探讨

新时期高校党的组织生活质量有待提高。改革建议是:要充分认识组织生活对加强高校党建的重要意义;要在正确的导向性、高度的民主性、务实的服务性、灵活的创新性等方面赋予高校党的组织生活鲜明的高校特色和时代特征;要从建章立制、建立科学评估体系和开展评估等方面改进和加强管理,全面提高高校党的组织生活质量。     

《人体损伤致残程度分级》与GEPI对足踝伤残评定的比较

目的本文通过对《人体损伤致残程度分级》和GEPI有关下肢足踝评定的内容进行比较研究,为《人体损伤致残程度分级》的修订提供建议。方法从条款分布、两个标准适用时的具体评定方法等方面对二者进行比较,并以GEPI足踝评定的残损值为参照,计算、分析《人体损伤致残程度分级》下肢条款致残率合理性。结果在跟骨骨折和踝关节创伤性关节炎评定方面,两个标准存在良好的对应性;在踝关节功能评定方面,除关节强直固定于非功能位的致残率略高于GEPI外,《人体损伤致残程度分级》其他条款与GEPI均具有良好的对应性。而在足弓结构破坏和足趾功能评定方面,两个标准对应性差,《人体损伤致残程度分级》评定的致残率明显高于GEPI。结论通过两个标准下肢足踝评定的比较,可以发现目前《人体损伤致残程度分级》的不足之处,提示在足弓结构破坏和足趾功能评定方面可能存在问题,需要进一步完善。     

低拷贝DNA模板检验方法探讨

目的探讨扩增及检测方法对低拷贝DNA模板分型检测灵敏度的影响。方法Control DNA 9947A按比例稀释,采用IdentifilerTM和DNATyper15TM试剂扩增,循环参数设置为28和28+6个循环,平行扩增3次,分别单独检测及3次合并检测,使用310及3130分析仪检测。结果28+6个循环的基因座检出率高于28个循环;等位基因不平衡及丢失与基因座没有特异性的关联,随着DNA模板量的减少,等位基因不平衡及丢失增多;将3次扩增产物混合后检测,等位基因不平衡及丢失情况减少,分型正确率增高。结论模板DNA分3次扩增后混合检测、循环数为28+6,可提高低拷贝模板基因座的检出率。     

Cocaine-related deaths: an enigma still under investigation

In recent years there has been an increase interest in cocaine-related death reflecting the rising trend in cocaine use in Europe. Nevertheless it is still now very difficult to attribute a death to cocaine. We can affirm that cocaine can be responsible for the cause of death only when there is a reasonably complete understanding of the circumstances or facts surrounding the death. Isolated blood cocaine levels are not enough to assess lethality, and should be always considered and evaluated in relation to concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations in body tissue compartments, especially in brain and blood. We have reanalyzed all of our cocaine-related cases from 1990 to 2005, applying the methodology used by Spielher and Reed over 30 years ago. Our aim was to try to validate this model and verify its applicability and effectiveness after 20 years.     

城市新贫困:近20年来全球性、区域性以及阿根廷的动因

本文分析了20世纪80年代和90年代"新贫困"的不同范围.先介绍欧洲、美国和拉美几个国家对新贫困的不同定义,而后把重点放在阿根廷,介绍20世纪70年代中期至2001年危机期间,中产阶级在不同时期所遭受的贫困化过程.     

"四公开"实现阳光执政

丹东市公安局交警支队贯彻落实科学发展观,他们从实际情况出发,改革创新了“公开办事程序、公开办事标准、公开监督制度、公开办事承诺”等以“四公开”为核心的的工作机制,进一步拓展了工作深度,有力促进了工作落实。主要表现为一是拓展政务公开渠道,为群众监督提供舆论平台。     

Thyroid Cartilage Ossification and Multislice Computed Tomography Examination: A Useful Tool for Age Assessment?

Abstract: Many authors have studied the thyroid cartilage ossification process using radiographic features for age estimation of individuals. Their results were various: Sugiyama reported excellent correlation coefficients between ossification rates and civil age, unlike most other authors. We hypothesized that recent advances in imaging techniques would enable more precise evaluation of the ossification of the thyroid cartilage. We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 312 French patients using postprocessing software to examine the pattern of thyroid cartilage ossification, calculating the ossified volume of the cartilage on 3D reconstructions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for volume were 0.73 for men and 0.75 for women (standard error 18.02 and 17.06), indicating considerable inter‐individual variability. Although a correlation between civil age and morphological changes was found, these methods based on thyroid cartilage ossification were not accurate enough for the assessment of individual age.     

文检仪显现同种同色掩盖字迹条件的初探

目的研究运用文检仪显现同种同色掩盖字迹的显出条件。方法以黑色签字笔为例,依据不同型号笔的油墨在不同光源下的荧光性质和红外吸收能力的差异,利用文检仪进行分析检验。结果只有在一定条件下被掩盖字迹才能被显出。结论在LUMI=IR红外荧光（兰光）下,只能显现激发荧光的油墨掩盖不能激发荧光的油墨的字迹和激发荧光能力弱的油墨掩盖激发荧光能力强的油墨的字迹;在红外吸收光和365nm长波紫外表面光下,只能显现颜色浅的油墨掩盖颜色深的油墨的字迹。