Northeast Asia: Regionalism,a clash of civilizations,or a strategic quadrangle?

“Regionalism” has been a popular concept in Northeast Asia since the collapse of the Soviet Union, but there is little agreement about what the concept means or how to realize it in practical terms. Detailed examination of what has been happening in relations between the major powers in the region leads Gilbert Rozman of Princeton University to discern three different approaches to regionalism: economic regionalism, great power conflict, and civilizational clashes, each associated to some degree with the reasoning of one of the three major regional powers, Japan, China, and Russia. Economic regionalism is likely to provide most gains for all nations in Northeast Asia in the long term, but in the medium term, more great power and civilizational conflict can be expected.     

Financing local government debt in Canada: pooled versus standalone issues - an empirical study

Abstract: Provincially legislated special-purpose bodies created to pool municipal bond requirements have operated in Canada for several decades. American states have also adopted this Albertan/Canadian innovation. The organizations use different titles, such as municipal bond authorities/corporations and bond banks; this paper uses the generic term municipal bond bank, or mbb. These banks are separate legal entities, and the paper discusses the use of internalization theory as an explanation for their creation and continued use. Several US. empirical studies comparing the cost of municipal borrowing under a pooled mbb issue versus stand-alone issues were undertaken in the 1980s. The American studies' results support the practice of pooling debt issuance through bond banks and conclude that savings from mbb participation are inversely proportional to unit credit rating and size. This paper presents the findings of the first Canadian empirical study that compares the cost of municipal funds for pooled versus stand-alone issues. The study uses data from the Province of Ontario, as it is a large province and quantitative data was available; Ontario does not currently have an mbb. The Canadian study results share some similarity with the results of previous American studies in that they show that pooled financing through an mbb results, in aggregate, in cost-savings to municipal borrowers, with the greatest savings to those units that are small and un rated and that borrow for longer periods. The Canadian study suggests that the few large, highly rated municipalities that would receive little or no benefit from mbb participation and certain small issuer units that have found economical, alternative methods of raising funds retain the option of issuing debt outside a provincial mbb. This paper concludes with a reference to the discussion on the impact of municipal borrowing arrangements on provincial credit ratings. Sommaire: Des organismes légiférés à des fins spéciales, au niveau provincial, offrant de mettre en commun les besoins d'émission d'obligations municipales, fonctionnent au Canada depuis plusieurs décennies. Des États américains ont également adoptécette innovation provenant de l'Alberta et du Canada. Les organismes portent des noms différents, tels que »Autorité/société de financement municipal« et banque d'obligations, et le présent article utilise l'expression générique » Banques d'obligations municipales « ou bom. Il s'agit en fait d'entités juridiques distinctes, et l'article se penche sur l'emploi de la théorie de l'intemalisation en tant qu'explication de leur création et de leur fonctionnement. Plusieurs études empiriques américaines comparant le coût d'emprunt municipal mis en commun dans le cadre d'une bom au coöt des émissions isolées ont été entreprises au cours des années 1980. Les résultats des études américaines justifient la pratique de mettre en commun l'émission de dette par l'entremise des banques d'obligations; selon elles, les économies qu'on peut réaliser en participant aux bom sont inversement proportionnelles à l'ampleur et à la cote de crédit de l'entité en question. Cet article présente les constatations de la première étude empirique canadienne qui compare le coöt des fonds municipaux pour les émissions mises en commun au coût des émissions isolées. L'étude utilise des données de la province de l'Ontario parce que c'est une grande province et que les données quantitatives étaient disponibles; l'Ontario n'a pas actuellement de bom. Les résultats de l'étude canadienne sont similaires, dans une certaine mesure, à ceux des études américaines précédentes, puisqu'ils montrent que le financement en commun par l'entremise d'une bom entraîne, dans l'ensemble, des économies de coût pour les emprunteurs municipaux, les économies les plus importantes étant réaliées par les entités qui sont petites et non cotées et qui empruntent pour des périodes prolongées. L'étude canadienne suggère que les quelques grandes municipalités bien cotées, qui n'auraient peu ou pas d'avantage à participer aux bom ainsi que certaines petites entités émettrices ayant trouvé des méthodes alternatives économiques pour recueillir des fonds, devraient se réserver l'option d'émettre des dettes sans faire appel à la bom provinciale. En guise de conclusion, l'étude mentionne le débat sur les répercussions que peuvent avoir les arrangements d'emprunt municipaux sur les cotes de crédit provinciales.     

Pathologic features of fatal shark attacks

To examine the pattern of injuries in cases of fatal shark attack in South Australian waters, the authors examined the files of their institution for all cases of shark attack in which full autopsies had been performed over the past 25 years, from 1974 to 1998. Of the seven deaths attributed to shark attack during this period, full autopsies were performed in only two cases. In the remaining five cases, bodies either had not been found or were incomplete. Case 1 was a 27-year-old male surfer who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the right thigh, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incision of the femoral artery. There were also incised wounds of the right wrist. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. Case 2 was a 26-year-old male diver who had been attacked by a shark. At autopsy, the main areas of injury involved the left thigh and lower leg, which displayed characteristic teeth marks, extensive soft tissue damage, and incised wounds of the femoral artery and vein. There was also soft tissue trauma to the left wrist, with transection of the radial artery and vein. Bony injury was minimal, and no shark teeth were recovered. In both cases, death resulted from exsanguination following a similar pattern of soft tissue and vascular damage to a leg and arm. This type of injury is in keeping with predator attack from underneath or behind, with the most severe injuries involving one leg. Less severe injuries to the arms may have occurred during the ensuing struggle. Reconstruction of the damaged limb in case 2 by sewing together skin, soft tissue, and muscle bundles not only revealed that no soft tissue was missing but also gave a clearer picture of the pattern of teeth marks, direction of the attack, and species of predator.     

Unanswered Questions about Japan-Russia Relations in 2017

Divergent views of Japan-Russia relations in 2017 result from leaving questions unanswered. This article seeks to answer the following queries. What is the sales pitch in Japan for Abe's wooing of Putin? Why is this rationale misleading? Why is Abe keen on pursuing Putin? What motivates Putin to encourage Abe yet hold back? When did talks hit a snag? Why was 2016 different from 2001? Is the US to blame for no breakthrough? What are the cause and effect of scapegoating for no summit success? Which Japanese criticisms—by the left or the right—of the summit make a better case? Do Abe and Putin have much freedom to maneuver? Where are Japan-Russia relations now headed? Through responses to these questions, we gain an understanding of the misleading coverage of the December 15–16 Putin visit to Japan and the difficulties ahead for Abe to achieve a breakthrough in Japan-Russia relations.     

The evolution of South Africa's democracy promotion in Africa: from idealism to pragmatism

South Africa is an emerging power with fairly strong democratic institutions that were crafted during the transition from minority to majority rule twenty years ago. How has South Africa used its position and power to promote democracy in Africa? Against the backdrop of debates on democracy promotion by emerging powers, this article probes attempts by successive post-apartheid governments to promote democracy in Africa. We argue that although democracy promotion featured prominently in South Africa's policy towards Africa in the immediate post-apartheid period under Nelson Mandela, the administrations of Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma faltered in advancing democratic norms. This is largely because South Africa has confronted pressures to maximize pragmatic national interests, which have compromised a democratic ethos in a continental environment where these values have yet to find steady footing.     

Discrepancies in Adolescent Romantic Couples' and Observers' Perceptions of Couple Interaction and their Relationship to Depressive Symptoms

We examined discrepancies in adolescent romantic couple members' and observers' perceptions of couples' conversations in order to further understand adolescents' romantic interactions and their association with adolescents' depressive symptoms. We used a video-recall procedure to assess 61 adolescent romantic couples' perceptions of their videotaped conversations with each other. Our results suggest that although couple members and outside observers agreed that adolescent romantic couples' conversations were generally harmonious, adolescent dating partners and observers perceived couples' communications in systematically different ways and perceived inequalities in their interactions. Perceptions of discrepancies in power were more salient in females' perceptions. Both males and females perceived themselves more positively than their partners. Finally, discrepancies in couple members' perceptions of their conversations were somewhat associated with their mental health. Boys who viewed themselves more favorably than their girlfriends viewed them exhibited fewer depressive symptoms. Girls who perceived fewer inequalities between themselves and their boyfriends showed fewer depressive symptoms.     

Posttraumatic diaphragmatic hernia and death--etiologic factor or putrefactive artifact?

Late-presenting diaphragmatic hernias, whether congenital or acquired, may remain clinically undetected until mediastinal shift with cardiorespiratory compromise or intestinal or gastric infarction with perforation occur. A right-sided diaphragmatic hernia with herniation of small intestine into the adjacent pleural cavity is described in a 72-year-old man who was found dead at home in a putrefactive state. Subsequently, a history of a motor vehicle accident 8 years previously was obtained. Although postmortem herniation due to extensive putrefactive change may have occurred, producing gaseous distention and migration of the intestine, tight twisting of the herniated intestine several times around a pleural fibrous adhesion suggested that the herniation could have been an antemortem event. Unfortunately, marked tissue autolysis prevented assessment of possible ischemic changes in the herniated intestine. Although diaphragmatic hernia may be a contributing factor to death at all ages, it may not be possible to exclude it as an artifact of putrefaction in a predisposed individual.