论我国仲裁司法监督制度的完善

仲裁司法监督在仲裁与司法的关系中占有重要地位。本文通过对仲裁司法监督纵向和横向的考察,探求仲裁司法监督制度的必要性和国际走向,并在对我国立法规定进行分析和探讨的基础上,主张借鉴其他国家及地区相应制度的成功经验,顺应国际上仲裁司法监督的趋势,完善我国仲裁司法监督制度。     

Settling for Less? Organizational Determinants of Discrimination‐Charge Outcomes

Although more than 60,000 workers formally charge their employers with unlawful sex or race employment discrimination annually, fewer than one in five charges results in outcomes favorable to the complainant. Building on sociolegal and organizational theory, this study examines how employing organizations avoid unfavorable discrimination-charge outcomes. Using EEO-1 establishment reports matched to discrimination charge data provided by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, I assess the effect of employers' legal experience, resources, and indicators of legal compliance on the likelihood that complainants receive favorable charge outcomes, benefits, monetary settlements, and policy change mandates. In general, I find that legal experience, establishment size, and indicators of legal compliance insulate employers from unfavorable charge outcomes. However, in situations where employers are willing to settle claims, legally experienced establishments are more likely to pay monetary damages and receive mandates to change their workplace policies.     

Validation of voter recall: Time of electoral decision making

Accuracy of respondent recall has long been a concern in political science research. Earlier analyses of voter behavior discovered errors which included 10 to 25 percent of the sample. The present work examines an important attitudinal question which appears in each national election study: the time at which the respondent recalls making a final presidential vote choice. Data from the four-wave 1980 National Election Panel Study are used to validate the recall variable for that election campaign. A new variable — candidate preference patterns — is created which reflects consistency in individual voter preference. Only forty percent of the sample reflect consistent responses on the two measures. Furthermore, partisan strength and political involvement are found to be positively related to inconsistent behavior. Cognitive dissonance and the bandwagon effect are offered as explanations for these results.     

政治附庸还是忠诚公仆?——关于日本司法系统的两种看法

本文分析了二战后头五十年内关于日本司法系统的两种观点。一种观点认为日本法官自愿成为执政党的政治附庸,另一种则认为他们是世界上最独立和诚实的司法人员。双方都同意,作为日本司法系统的特征,对个体法官进行紧密的官僚制控制使得司法系统统一并且和谐运转,但这也导致了日本法官更趋向于服从重森严的等级,而非法律的教义。就这一点而言,日本司法系统可能成为其他国家,比如中国的可借鉴利用的模型,因为后者正在缺乏大量法律从业人员的情况下建设新的司法系统。必须注意的是,日本司法系统是在能够缓和极权倾向的有效民主制度中运行的。作为最终的结论,所有的司法系统都是极具政治性的,他们的所有工作都是以其自身所处的制度文化和政治文化为背景而展开的。本文也分析了各持上述一种观点的两位学者间互相冲突的方法论:马克·拉姆塞耶的回归分析和理性选择假说以及约翰·黑利的传统比较法制度历史分析。本文比较了两种方法论的强处和弱处,并体现了以下两点:第一,至少在这里,定量分析进路强调了个体选择的作用,而定性分析则强调了制度设置;第二,尽管定性分析能提供更为宽广的叙述,但也以故事中空白情节的人为虚构和因此造成的结果走样为代价。     

The Limits of Disclosure: What Research Subjects Want to Know about Investigator Financial Interests

Research participants' views about investigator financial interests were explored. Reactions ranged from concern to acceptance, indifference, and even encouragement. Although most wanted such information, some said it did not matter, was private, or was burdensome, and other factors were more important to research decisions. Very few said it would affect their research decisions, and many assumed that institutions managed potential conflicts of interest. Although disclosure of investigator financial interest information to research participants is often recommended, its usefulness is limited, especially when participation is desired because of illness.     

DIVORCE MEDIATION: Research and Reflections

Mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) grew rapidly in the last few decades as a result of high divorce rates, frequent conflicts between parting parents, the resulting administrative burden on courts, and especially concerns about damaging effects on children and postdivorce family relationships. This article focuses on our longitudinal research involving randomized trials of mediation and adversary settlement to support the conclusions that mediation can: (1) settle a large percentage of cases otherwise headed for court; (2) possibly speed settlement, save money, and increase compliance with agreements; (3) clearly increase party satisfaction; and (4) most importantly, lead to remarkably improved relationships between nonresidential parents and children, as well as between divorced parents—even twelve years after dispute settlement. The key "active ingredients" of mediation are likely to include: (1) the call for parental cooperation over the long run of co-parenting beyond the crisis of separation, (2) the opportunity to address underlying emotional issues (albeit briefly), (3) helping parents to establish a businesslike relationship, and (4) the avoidance of divisive negotiations at a critical time for family relationships. We call for more research on mediation and other forms of ADR, as well as a renewal of the excitement and optimism of the "first generation" of mediators, qualities that are "active ingredients" in any successful social or psychological intervention.