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811.
812.
813.
Competition in public administration is often advocated as a solution to bureaucrats’ corruption. However, there are no well
developed analyses of how competition could succeed and the issue of its detailed design has not been carefully addressed
so far. In this paper, we put forward a series of models that help understand what competition in public administration can
actually accomplish. We distinguish two different shapes that corruption may take: bribery and extortion, and we demonstrate,
under the usual assumption of asymmetric information as to the honesty of the bureaucrats, that while competition is effective
in fighting extortion it exacerbates bribery. Given that corruption normally manifests itself simultaneously under the two
different shapes, an anti-corruption policy based upon competition is bound to face a serious trade-off: trying to curb one
of them through competition implies making the other worse. This result holds, with some differences, under exogenous and
endogenous bureaucrats’ “honesty”. The dual aspect of corruption is probably one of the most serious—and so far largely neglected—obstacles
to any effective anti-corruption policy. 相似文献
814.
Peter Rackow 《Criminal Law Forum》2007,18(1):175-183
815.
James C. Spilsbury Lara Belliston Dennis Drotar Allyson Drinkard Jeff Kretschmar Rosemary Creeden Daniel J. Flannery Steve Friedman 《Journal of family violence》2007,22(6):487-499
This study assessed the associations of characteristics of domestic violence incidents with clinically significant levels
of traumatic symptoms and behavioral problems in a socio-economically and ethnically mixed sample of 687 children participating
in a community-service program for children witnessing violence. Study predictors included child/family demographic characteristics,
type and chronicity of exposure, and child’s perceptions of control over the event and threat to personal safety. Outcomes
consisted of traumatic symptoms and behavior problems. Results showed that perceived threat and control were associated with
greater odds of clinically significant levels of several trauma symptoms (and behavior problems in the case of perceived threat)
after adjusting for effects of demographic factors and violence characteristics. Child co-victimization increased odds of
reaching clinically significant levels of traumatic symptoms compared to children who witnessed the event but were not victimized.
Female sex and White ethnicity increased odds of specific trauma symptoms and behavior problems. Increasing age reduced odds
of some trauma symptoms. Associations between predictors and one outcome measure did not generalize across the other outcome
measure. Implications of study findings, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
816.
817.
Martin Guevara Urbina 《Critical Criminology》2007,15(1):41-99
With few exceptions, prior explanations of racially disparate punishment have followed a dichotomous approach (i.e., African
American versus Caucasian), due in part to the limitations of existing data. Researchers have either excluded Latino/a, defendants
or treated them as a monolithic group. Consequently, there is not much on Latinos/as, whose experiences with the criminal
and juvenile justice systems differ from those of African American and Caucasian. This article expands on current literature
by providing a thorough overview of existing literature on Latino/as. It critiques this body of literature and lists ten common
methodological flaws that may contribute to findings of equal treatment. Finally, it provides a concise summary of the main
subgroups within the umbrella term ‘Latino/a’ to highlight the heterogeneity within this classification. 相似文献
818.
Jess Alderman Jason A. Smith Ellen J. Fried Richard A. Daynard 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2007,35(1):90-112
Childhood obesity is in important respects a result of legal policies that influence both dietary intake and physical activity. The law must shift focus away from individual risk factors alone and seek instead to promote situational and environmental influences that create an atmosphere conducive to health. To attain this goal, advocates should embrace a population-wide model of public health, and policymakers must critically examine the fashionable rhetoric of consumer choice. 相似文献
819.
820.
Recent interest in the construct of motivation to change among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) has led
to development of two self-report measures of this construct: the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment for Domestic
Violence (URICA-DV; Levesque et al. 2000) and the Safe at Home Inventory (SAH; Begun et al. 2003). We examined the internal
structure of these instruments using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses in a sample of 199 male IPV perpetrators
waiting to begin court-mandated batterer intervention programs. Results indicated that the scales had adequate internal consistency.
However, using confirmatory factor analyses, the hypothesized structural models of each instrument fit the data poorly. Subsequent
models suggested by a series of exploratory factor analyses failed to improve model fit substantially for both scales. For
the URICA-DV, a 3-factor model including items from the Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action subscales fit the data
adequately. No acceptable model fit could be found for the SAH. Intercorrelations among similar subscales across the two inventories
suggested only a modest degree of intercorrelation (r’s = 0.16–0.52), and a factor structure more dependent on scale of origin than item latent content, suggesting that the scales
assess different facets of the readiness to change construct. These results suggest that before the stages of change construct
can be fully applied to the IPV area, more research and evaluation are needed on how to accurately assess abuser readiness
to change. 相似文献