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971.
The importance of “spillovers” in the policy mission of the advanced technology program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1998,23(2):11-19
Government policies like the Advanced Technology Program (“ATP”) are intended, at least in part, to remedy the “market failure”
inherent in the fact that a significant portion of the social benefits of new knowledge and technology are not captured by
a firm that invests in R&D. ATP’s project selection, and its evaluation of the impact of its program, can be made more effective
by explicitly incorporating the analysis of such “spillovers.” For project selection, this means identifying technological,
organizational and economic factors that tend to oint to a large “spillover gap,” or deviation between the social and private
rates of return to a proposed project. For program evaluation and assessment, it means adapting existing study methods that
measure social returns to innovation in ways that explicitly capture spillover effects.
This paper is based on a study that I performed for the ATP, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the
Advanced Technology Program, NIST GCR 97-708. I have benefited from comments and useful discussions with Zvi Griliches, Jeanne
Powell, Rosalie Ruegg, and Richard Spivack. Some of the ideas in this paper grew out of previous joint research with James
Adams. The views expressed herein are my own, however, and should not be attributed to any of these individuals or to the
ATP. 相似文献
972.
973.
This article will argue that the state must learn to pursue productivity enhancing rather than predatory policies if rapid
long-run development is to occur in poor countries. These productivity enhancing strategies will most likely involve investment
coordination. However, such coordination of investment in manufacturing is likely to fail in less developed countries as a
result of low productivity in the traditional, agricultural sector. More importantly, investment coordination in agriculture
is more likely to be successful especially if this is a broad based investment strategy involving the bulk of the population.
In this context, the state will learn effective policies for coordinating development. Alternatively, if the agricultural
sector is ignored and productivity here remains low, investment coordination in manufacturing will likely fail, and the state
will learn to become a predator.
Richard Grabowski is professor of economics at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale 相似文献
974.
975.
Nuclear spin tomography since its beginnings in the seventies has steadily gained in importance as a method of examination in medical diagnostics as it produces a picture. In the field of forensic medicine the NMR technique as used for anatomic-anthropologic issues attempting to identify skulls this is a valuable supplement to an extension of the existing methods of investigation. The results of a measurement of the thickness of soft facial tissue in a live test person is shown as compared to measures obtained by sonography. 相似文献
976.
977.
Richard Schickel 《Society》2010,47(6):521-524
Twenty-five years since the publication of Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity, this essay reflects on the extraordinary changes in the nature of celebrity, including its radical democratization by way
of the internet. Such changes reflect old dilemmas and pose new challenges as the internet and publishing worlds begin to
merge and print culture is left behind. 相似文献
978.
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980.