The Trilateral cooperation

Legal context: The relatively informal agreements setting up the TrilateralCooperation (TC) among the world's three most important patentoffices are contrasted with formal multinational treaties suchas the Patent Law Treaty and the abortive Substantive PatentLaw Treaty. Key points: After its inception in 1983, the TC concentrated initially ondeveloping and implementing standards for electronic storageand retrieval of prior art documents, and facilitation of searching.This was later extended to electronic sharing of priority documentsand to standardization and searching of DNA sequence databases.More recently emphasis has been placed on harmonization of searchingand examination procedures, and working groups have comparedthe approaches of the Trilateral Offices (TOs) to the patentabilityof claims in areas of new technology. Encouragingly, the resultsare usually the same, although the specific objections raisedmay differ. The ultimate goal is to reach a situation in whicha claim allowed by one TO would be accepted by the others withoutfurther examination. Practical significance: The TC has already facilitated search and examination, leadingto lower costs and shorter pendency times than would otherwisebe the case. Further progress depends on harmonization of substantivepatent law, which in turn depends on the willingness of theUSA to accept a first-to-file system.     

PUNCHING THE PARENTING TIME CLOCK: THE APPROXIMATION RULE,SOCIAL SCIENCE,AND THE BASEBALL BAT KIDS*

The American Law Institute proposes that in contested physical custody cases the court should allocate to each parent a proportion of the child's time that approximates the proportion of time each has spent performing caretaking functions in the past. Examined through the lens of child development research, the approximation rule is unlikely to improve on the best interests standard. It is difficult to apply; is perceived as gender‐biased; creates a new focus for disputing parents; renders a poor estimate of parents’ contributions to their child's best interests; overlooks parents’ intangible, yet significant, contributions to their child's well‐being; and miscalculates the essence of how a child experiences the family. A preferable alternative is a better defined, contemporary best interests standard that accommodates new knowledge and reforms that encourage nonadversarial, individualized resolutions of custody disputes.     

俄罗斯进口制度、交易成本与进口替代效果

从进口政策分析可以看出,俄罗斯确实存在通过非关税障碍与禁止性关税来保护本国幼稚产业的做法。但是,从进口结构与进口替代贡献率的实证研究,可以看出并未达到预期的效果。失败的主要因素,除因消费者偏好及进口需求弹性很大外,尚有国内整体投资环境恶劣、相关法令配套措施缺乏及政策执行力差的问题,导致产生“雁行逆转效应”。并因此形成庞大的交易成本,巨大的社会损失,造成资源的浪费与社会的严重不公平。     

现代产权与绿色会计

当前,我国已将可持续发展确定为实现我国社会、经济、环境协调发展的基本战略目标.要实现可持续发展,就必须解决传统产权分配的不公平和会计核算的不准确问题;必须立足现代产权关系,在产权重新界定的基础上,建立透明、公正、健康的可持续发展绿色会计体系.     

East or West？ The Consumer Knows Best

CHINA'S entry into the WTO, coupled with the country's status as the "factory of the world," has galvanized Chinese consumers' penchant for foreign brands. And as the country's consumers mature, they are becoming more rational in their choice of foreign brand goods. Gone are the days when the Chinese consumer would simply as-     

合作经济将是21世纪中国农村发展的主要方向

“三农”的关键问题是当前农业个体生产经营方式落后。因此发展农村合作组织,走合作经济之路是解决“三农”问题的治本之策。