A fresh look at a policy sciences methodology: collaborative modeling for more effective policy

Collaborative modeling offers a novel methodology that integrates core ideals in the policy sciences. The principles behind collaborative modeling enable policy researchers and decision makers to address interdisciplinarity, complex systems, and public input in the policy process. This approach ideally utilizes system dynamics to enable a multidisciplinary group to explore the relationships in a complex system. We propose that there is a spectrum of possibilities for applying collaborative modeling in the policy arena, ranging from the purely academic through full collaboration among subject matter experts, the general public, and decision makers. Likewise, there is a spectrum of options for invoking collaboration within the policy process. Results from our experiences suggest that participants in a collaborative modeling project develop a deeper level of understanding about the complexity in the policy issue being addressed; increase their agreement about root problems; and gain an appreciation for the uncertainty inherent in data and methods in studying complex systems. We conclude that these attributes of collaborative modeling make it an attractive option for improving the decision-making process as well as on-the-ground decisions.     

Legislators as Lobbyists

Public policy is produced by elected and unelected officials and through the interactions of branches of government. We consider how such interactions affect policy implementation and representation. We argue that legislators try to influence bureaucratic decisions through direct communication with federal agencies, and that such contact is effective and has consequences for policy outcomes. We provide empirical evidence of this argument using original data about direct communication between members of Congress and the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) along with decisions made by the DOL regarding trade and redistributive policies. We find that direct contacts influence DOL decisions, and the agency is more likely to reverse previous decisions when requested to do so by legislators. Our results challenge key assumptions and findings in the previous literature and have important implications for interbranch relations and informal means of control over the implementation of national policy.     

Government aid to industry: a public sector perspective

Abstract: This paper, prepared for the 1982 annual conference of ipac, critically reviews the rationale for government aid to industry. the choice of policy instruments and the creation of the proposed new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. The paper focuses upon the direct subsidization of specific industrial activities, most visibly through direct conditional grants, but also including tariff protection, loans or guarantees of loans at preferred rates. and direct ownership through crown corporations. Drawing upon the theoretical framework presented by Professor Albert Breton in his monograph “A Conceptual Basis for Industrial Stratea,” three broad rationales are identified and discussed, with examples. The first of these is aid to correct for distortions in the workings of the market economy, such as the existence of significant externalities. disproportionate risk aversion, oligopoly or monopoly, and, most prevalent but least analysed. the pervasive influence of policies of foreign governments, past governments, provincial governments and of the federal government in non-economic fields. The second rationale is the concentration of government policies. including direct assistance. to promote a purposeful industrial strategy, which in Canada must include a powerful commitment to reducing regional disparities. Finally, and of increasing importance, is the assistance designed to ease the burden of adjustment, by individuals and by communities. to changes in economic circumstances. The paper closes with a recapitulation of the government's announcement in January 1982 of its intention to create n new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. Sommaire: Cet exposé, préparé pour la conférence annuelle de l'I.A.P.C. de 1982, étudie les raisons de l'aide gouvernerrrentale à l industrie, le choix des instruments de politique et le projet de créer un nouveau ministère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale. L'auteur traite du subventionnement direct d'activités industrielles particulitres, surtout évident dans les cas doctrois de subsides conditionnels, mais sans oublier la protection douanière, les prêts ou les garanties de prêt à des taux préférentiels et la propriétV elle-mêine par le truchernent des sociétés de la couronne. Utilisant le cadre théorique offert par le professeur Albert Breton dans sa monographie “Le Fondement Théorique d'une Stratégie Industrielle” l'auteur identifie et étudie trois raisons principales et donne des exemples. La première de ces raisons est d'aider à corriger les distortions dans le jeu de l‘économie du marché, telles qne l'existence d'importants fxteurs externes, le rejet de risques excessifs, l'oligopole ou le monopole et, ce qui est le plus fréquent rnais a été le moins analysé, l'influence envahissante des politiques des gouvernernents étrangers, des gouverne-ments précédents, des gouvernements provinciaux et du gouvernement fédéral lui-même dans d'autres domaines que l'econornie. La deuxième raison est la concertation des politiques gouvernementales, y compris l'assistance directe, pour promouvoir une “stratégie industrielle” solide qui, au Canada, doit inclure la ferme volonté de réduire les disparités regionales. La troisième raison, dont l'importance continue à croître, est d'alléger les difficultés d'adaptation à de nouvelles circons-tances des individus et des communautés. L'auteur conclut en récapitulant la déclaration du premier ministre Trudeau; celui-ci annonçait L'intention du gouvernement de créer un nouveau rninistère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale comme instrument principal d'aide directe aux investissements privés, contribuant à l'innovation en matière d'industrie, au développement régional et à l'adaptation de l'industrie.