This paper traces a new development in regulation that encourages utilities to engage more directly with their customers. We make four contributions: First, we perform a comprehensive analysis of how regulators are using customer engagement, and offer a simple model for understanding different customer engagement initiatives. Second, we review assessments of customer engagement. We find that there are no quantitative, empirically robust assessments of the effectiveness of customer engagement as a regulatory tool. Third, we develop two detailed case studies of an energy regulator and a water regulator that are in the forefront of customer engagement efforts. We find that there is no direct link between the engagement strategy used and the economic incentives received by a firm. Finally, we propose a framework for improving the customer engagement process. The new framework relies on microeconomics, modern tools of program evaluation, and supplying the regulated firm with direct incentives to engage with the customer. 相似文献
Adolescent networks include parents, friends, and romantic partners, but research on the social learning mechanisms related
to delinquency has not typically examined the characteristics of all three domains simultaneously. Analyses draw on data from
the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 957), and our analytic sample contains 51% male and 49% female as well as 69% white, 24% African-American, and 7% Latino
respondents. Parents,’ peers,’ and partners’ deviance are each related to respondents’ delinquency, and affiliation with a
greater number of deviant networks is associated with higher self-reported involvement. Analyses that consider enmeshment
type indicate that those with both above average romantic partner and friend delinquency report especially high levels of
self-reported involvement. In all comparisons, adolescents with deviant romantic partners are more delinquent than those youths
with more prosocial partners, regardless of friends’ and parents’ behavior. Findings highlight the importance of capturing
the adolescent’s entire network of affiliations, rather than viewing these in isolation, and suggest the need for additional
research on romantic partner influences on delinquent behavior and other adolescent outcomes.
This article examines the well-documented relationship between early initiation or onset of criminal behavior and a heightened
risk of involvement in offending. Previous research examining this question conducted by Nagin and Farrington (Criminology
30:235–260, 1992a; Criminology 30:501–523, 1992b) used data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and found that: (1) onset age was correlated with offending
involvement; and (2) the correlation could be explained by stable individual differences in the propensity to offend rather
than a causal effect of early onset age. In this study, similar analytic methods are applied to data from the Second Philadelphia
Birth Cohort. This data set consists of all 13,160 males born in Philadelphia in 1958 who resided in the city continuously
from ages 10 to 18, slightly more than half of whom were non-white. Information from each of the youths was collected from
schools, juvenile justice agencies, other official sources and surveys. In a model that mimics previous analyses, we initially
found that an early age of onset is associated with greater subsequent involvement in delinquent behavior. When unobserved
criminal propensity was controlled, however, we found that a late rather than an early onset of delinquency was related to
future offending. In finding a state dependent effect for age of onset, our findings are contrary to propensity theory in
criminology. In finding that it is late rather early onset which puts youth at risk for future offending, our findings are
contrary to developmental/life course theory. Our results are more compatible with traditional criminological theory that
is friendly to state dependence processes, though they too have not to date articulated why a late onsetting of offending
might be particularly criminogenic.
Raymond PaternosterEmail:
Sarah Bacon
is an Assistant Professor in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Florida. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. Her research interests focus on quantitative methods, testing
criminological theory, and capital punishment. This paper is an extension of work conducted for her M.A. thesis at the University
of Maryland.
Raymond Paternoster
is Professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland and Faculty Affiliate of
the Maryland Population Research Center, College Park, Maryland. He received his Ph.D. from Florida State University. His
research interests focus on testing criminological theory, the relationship between events in adolescence and delinquency,
and capital punishment.
Robert Brame
is Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. His current research interests focus on domestic violence, the use
of criminal records for screening purposes, linkages between adolescent employment and criminal behavior, and capital punishment. 相似文献
Experiences with racism are a common occurrence for African American youth and may result in negative self perceptions relevant
for the experience of depressive symptoms. This study examined the longitudinal association between perceptions of racism
and depressive symptoms, and whether perceived academic or social control mediated this association, in a community epidemiologically-defined
sample of urban African American adolescents (N = 500; 46.4% female). Structural equation modeling revealed that experiences with racism were associated with low perceived
academic control, which in turn was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that experiences with
racism can have long lasting effects for African American youth’s depressive symptoms, and highlight the detrimental effects
of experiences with racism for perceptions of control in the academic domain. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Asia's growing share of the global economy provides one of the strongest themes in contemporary analysis of international affairs. The remarkable economic achievements of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan over the past 50 years have been compounded more recently by the rise of the Chinese and Indian economies. While the significance of this change in the way international wealth is shared was beyond doubt before the onset of the current global financial crisis, many commentators expect that when the world eventually emerges from the crisis Asia's share of the global economy will have grown even further.
This shift clearly has strategic importance: economic decisions made in Asia, whether by governments or business, are now more important for the rest of the world than they have been for centuries. If military power were moving in the same direction, and at the same pace, the strategic consequences would be even greater.
This paper examines trends in Asian military spending and modernisation. It begins with a summary of defence spending among Asian countries.1In this paper the term “Asia” is used to include the 22 countries from Pakistan to Japan. It does not include Afghanistan or any of the countries of central Asia, or Russia, Australia, New Zealand, or the Pacific Island countries. As explained above, data is not equally available for all 22 countries.View all notes It next considers the nature of the capabilities and equipment they are acquiring, and comments on the way in which forces are being structured, commanded, and managed. It then comments on the range of different factors that are driving military spending and modernisation in Asia, and offers particular comment on China in this regard. The paper then concludes with brief comments on United States and Australian military spending and development. 相似文献
Growth curve analyses were used to investigate parents’ and peers’ influence on adolescents’ choice to abstain from antisocial
behavior in a community-based sample of 416 early adolescents living in the Southeastern United States. Participants were
primarily European American (91%) and 51% were girls. Both parents and peers were important influences on the choice to abstain
from antisocial behavior. Over the four-year period adolescents relied increasingly on parents as influences and relied less
on peers as influences to deter antisocial behavior. Significant gender differences emerged and suggested that female adolescents
relied more on social influences than did male adolescents but that as time progressed male adolescents increased the rate
at which they relied on peers. Higher family income was associated with choosing peers as a social influence at wave 1, but
no other significant income associations were found. Understanding influences on adolescents’ abstinence choices is important
for preventing antisocial behavior.
Emily C. CookEmail:
Emily C. Cook
is in her final year of doctoral studies in human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Her research interests include peer influences and parental influences on adolescents’ problem behaviors, parental influences
on adolescents’ social development, and effective prevention and interventions for adolescents who exhibit problem behaviors.
Cheryl Buehler
is a professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests
include marital conflict, marital relations, parenting, and adolescent well-being.
Robert Henson
is an assistant professor of educational research methodology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dr. Henson’s
research interests include educational measurement, cognitive diagnosis models, hierarchical linear models, and mathematical
statistics. 相似文献