Small firm membership in national trade associations

• Business associations play a significant role in private–public interactions by aggregating company interests and relating these to political decision makers. Associations are particularly important for smaller firms, which generally do not have the resources to pursue political strategies independently. This paper discusses the question of what the motives are for small and medium‐sized firms to maintain their membership in national trade associations at a time when the European business environment is undergoing profound changes. Using the example of the Netherlands, it is argued that associational membership is determined foremost by political considerations. The implication of this conclusion is that national business associations continue to perform an important function in mediating business–government relations. Despite the internationalization of public decision making, these organizations remain important intermediaries for corporate public affairs.
• 1 We would like to thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertragsübernahme (betreffend Bestandvertrag) – Bestandvertrags- (und nicht Zessions-)gebühr

Wird in einer von allen drei Beteiligten unterschriebenen Urkunde iZm einem Bestandvertrag ausdrücklich festgehalten, dass es sich um eine befreiende ("privative") Schuldübernahme durch den Neumieter handelt, so ist das beurkundete Rechtsgesch?ft als Bestandvertrag (und nicht als Zessionsvertrag) zu vergebühren.     

Multipolarism Trumps Trump

The United States is bent on pulling the plug on China's ascent since the world's only superpower can't tolerate China's peaceful resurgence. But President Donald Trump's tariffs on foreign goods do not only affect exporting countries such as China and Germany, they also undermine the entire global economy.     

Transfer of technology: A classification of motivations

Each technology transfer (TT) transaction takes place because of some motivation on the part of the respective participants. This paper attempts to create a generic taxonomy that lists such motivations and links them to the participants in the transfer. Although the past three decades have recorded an exponential growth in the literature of TT, this literature is highly fractionated. Yet, as the literature has grown several taxonomies have surfaced dealing with the various aspects of TT. Most, however, were designed to serve one of the many scientific disciplines or professions concerned with technology transfer. Zhao and Reisman (1992) provide a synthesis of these taxonomic efforts. This paper in turn addresses an aspect of TT not previously dealt with in this manner.     

Zur Gerichtsgebührenpflicht,wenn im Räumungsvergleich die Zahlung für den Fall der Nutzung über den vereinbarten Räumungstermin hinaus geregelt wird

Regelt der R?umungsvergleich auch (ohne entsprechende zeitliche Einschr?nkung) die Zahlungspflicht des Bestandnehmers für den Fall des vergleichswidrigen Verbleibs im Bestandobjekt über den R?umungstermin hinaus, ist eine wiederkehrende Leistung Vergleichsgegenstand, die mit dem Zehnfachen der Jahresleistung zu bewerten ist.     

Entziehung der Gemeinnützigkeit – Zuerkennung der aufschiebenden Wirkung nur hinsichtlich von Verwertungsma?nahmen (im Rahmen der Exekution wegen der Geldforderung)

Dem Antrag, der Beschwerde die aufschiebende Wirkung zuzuerkennen, wird (nur) insoweit stattgegeben (und im übrigen nicht stattgegeben), a) als für die Dauer des verfassungsgerichtlichen Verfahrens die Zwangsversteigerung von Liegenschaften und der Verkauf von Gegenst?nden im Rahmen der Fahrnisexekution ausgeschlossen wird (VfGH) bzw b) dass zwar nicht die Einleitung und der Vollzug exekutiver Ma?nahmen gehemmt ist, wohl aber bei Liegenschaften und Fahrnissen im Rahmen (bereits oder künftig) eingeleiteter Exekutionsma?nahmen Verwertungshandlungen zu unterbleiben haben (vgl § 54c Abs 2 und § 84a Abs 2 EO). Bislang gesetzte Exekutionsschritte bleiben aufrecht (VwGH).     

Social Bridges Falling Down: Reconstructing a ‘Troublesome Population’ of Battered Women through Individual Responsibilization Strategies

The Bridges work preparation program is a deliberate government-sponsored strategy to help and empower battered women to take responsibility for their own lives. However, while the Bridges program promotes the freedom to make choices, in reality there is little choice when powerful governments coerce battered women to align their personal choices with government goals. The Bridges work preparation program presents ultimatums to powerless women in the same way that male batterers present ultimatums to their female victims. Ultimatums to battered women in order to stay in the Bridges program are that they take individual responsibility to be free of their abusers, to be alcohol and drug free, to have their children in day care, and to be motivated to get employment. The Bridges program arguably puts too much responsibility on individual battered women to extricate themselves from the everyday lives of assault and violence and distances government from its social responsibility for helping battered women. In order to help battered women, governments must engage in social programs assisting them to relocate from one welfare office to another and assist with day care, transportation, and cash. This assistance will make disengaging from batterers a real alternative. Otherwise, alternatives for battered women are dependence on batterers or dependence on the state for social assistance.