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951.
Mario A. Davila Deborah J. Hartley Kevin Buckler Steve Wilson 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2011,36(4):408-420
This study examined the impact of prior personal or vicarious experience with the criminal justice system on sentencing attitudes.
Existing research on sentencing attitudes has examined factors such as race, gender, income level, political affiliation,
and education level, but few research studies have focused on actual contact with the criminal justice system and its influence
on perceptions of sentencing as either too harsh or too lenient. The current study utilized data collected by the Roper Center
for Public Opinion Research. Over 1,500 respondents were surveyed nationwide in 2006 regarding sentencing attitudes. Logistic
regression analysis was utilized to assess the impact of factors of interest on sentencing attitudes. Results indicated that
individuals who had been charged with a crime (personal experience), or who had an immediate relative or close friend who
had been charged (vicarious experience), were more likely to perceive the criminal justice system as too harsh, regardless
of race/ethnicity. 相似文献
952.
Yilin Hou Robin S. Lunsford Katy C. Sides Kelsey A. Jones 《Public administration review》2011,71(3):370-388
The authors examine the track record of applying performance‐based budgeting (PBB) across three time periods within a sample of U.S. state governments: (1) throughout the 1990s, (2) in the early 2000s, and (3) during the Great Recession. State‐level PBB is analyzed according to four elements: (1) the development of performance measures, (2) its applicability to budgeting and management processes, (3) its utility across the business cycle, and (4) its usefulness for budget players. An analytical framework is devised that highlights the “publicness” of American government, draws on the principal–agent model, and considers incentive mechanisms theory. Findings confirm that a good performance measurement system takes time to develop and operate well and that PBB functions more effectively for executive management than legislative purposes. PBB is used more by the states during strong economic times as opposed to during economic downturns. More importantly, PBB is only selectively applied by legislators in most states, whereas top executive policy makers, middle managers, and staff embrace and utilize PBB systems more extensively. 相似文献
953.
We compare experimentally two contest designs. In the between-group design (BGD), cohorts compete with one another in stage 1 and a single cohort is then advance to stage 2. In stage 2, members of this cohort compete for a single prize. In the within-group design (WGD), the order of the competition is reversed. Our findings support the theoretical conclusion that the WGD is superior to BGD in generating more expenditure. They also show that if the cohorts are fixed, small, and interact repeatedly over time, then tacit collusion in the WGD, but not the BGD, leads to suppression of expenditures. 相似文献
954.
Indicator systems to report on concepts such as sustainability and progress have become a key policy response by governments to concerns over environmental degradation and social and economic instability. When developed by a national bureau, public service imperatives suggest that concepts such as ‘sustainability’ and ‘progress’ should be addressed without offending the ideology of political actors. We offer a case study of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Measures of Australia's Progress (MAP) indicator system. The ABS has chosen to avoid offering a clear definition of what progress means, or a conceptual framework linked to a definition to explain the selection of indicators. ‘Progress’, however, is a socially defined, normative concept. Such concepts cannot be understood without reference to cultural and political processes. By seeking to avoid a perception of cultural or political bias the ABS has limited MAP's capacity to measure progress. We conclude with suggestions on how MAP might be improved. 相似文献
955.
The expansion of human rights provisions has produced an increasing number of human rights practitioners and delineated human
rights as a field of its own. Questions of who is practicing human rights and how they practice it have become important.
This paper considers the question of human rights practice and the agency of practitioners, arguing that practice should not
be conceived as the application of philosophy, but instead approached from a sociological point of view. Whatever the structuring
effect of political institutions, human rights is being defined more expansively by practitioners. The weakness of international
institutions and the interpretive scope of human rights discourse produce significant opportunity for practitioners to interpret
the meaning of human rights. Our exploratory interviews of a small sample of practitioners reveal widely varying histories,
in which they interpret their own work as “human rights” practice in differing ways. Practitioners who in the past thought
of themselves differently, now identify as human rights activists. They are also becoming more professional, but concerned
about professionalization. Their self-interpretations reflect these concerns and also respond to the necessities of career
events. Through the conscious and unconscious aspects of their practice, practitioners exercise considerable agency in adapting
human rights discourse to their own concerns while also being critical of it. 相似文献
956.
Obesity is a widespread condition affecting modern Americans. The prevalence of obesity has led to questions of how it can affect the skeleton, and if so can it be identified in unknown skeletal material. This study attempts to decipher the effects of activity level and body mass in modern Americans by employing musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) to estimate osseous responses to workload and body weight. A total sample of 108 skeletons of known activity level and body mass index (BMI) was observed for MSM in the upper extremity (excluding hands). The entheses selected included arm muscles used during the sit-to-stand transition, which is common in most persons, regardless of activity level and BMI. Using the three categories: normal, active, and obese, logistic regression was calculated on MSM to ascertain which markers were the best indicators of these three categories. Numerous muscles of the upper limb were significant predictors of activity level and body mass, although they did not perform much better than chance. MSM may be used as predictors of activity level and/or BMI in forensic contexts; however, they should be used in conjunction with other indications of workload and/or BMI. 相似文献
957.
Wilson Forero-Mesa Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Raga 《Bulletin of Latin American research》2023,42(5):607-621
How do legislators use social media to cultivate their constituencies in large multimember electoral districts? Colombia's Senate nationwide district offers a suitable case to examine how lawmakers, through their behaviour on Twitter, geographically target their audiences. We employ microblog user geolocation methods which infer locations using textual content in order to identify where Colombian senators' Twitter ‘home’ is. We find that senators' location targeting on Twitter largely mirrors the geographical distribution of their votes. Deviations from that pattern mostly stem from their vulnerability to intraparty competition and the nature of their parties' organisation. 相似文献
958.
Standards of practice for parenting plan evaluations continue to evolve, informed by advances in research and the development of innovative, evidence-based approaches to assessment and intervention. Parenting plan evaluators are asked to inform the court, parents, and other professionals on how to address the complex needs of increasingly diverse families amid reorganization, high conflict, and crisis. How can we attract and properly train new mental health professionals to do important work in an increasingly strained adversarial system? How can evaluators keep up with these advances over the course of their careers? How can they deepen and refine their skills to work with a diverse array of individuals, family constellations and an enormous range of family circumstances? And how can evaluators care for their own well-being and their colleagues? In this article, the authors describe a multi-dimensional approach to training both new and experienced custody evaluators that includes imparting baseline knowledge on how to conduct quality parenting plan evaluations as a starting point. We discuss a variety of modalities and approaches that can enable evaluators to deepen and expand their skills over the years, contribute to the diverse community of family law professionals, and manage the exceptional demands of working in this field. 相似文献
959.
960.