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321.
322.
Kimberly A. Nolan García 《拉美政治与社会》2011,53(2):29-60
This article investigates the impact of trade‐based social clauses on labor rights enforcement. Drawing on insights from recent theoretical work on transnational advocacy networks and labor rights, the study examines how transnational groups and domestic actors engage the labor rights mechanisms under the NAFTA labor side agreement, the NAALC. A statistical analysis of original data drawn from NAALC cases complements interviews with key participants to analyze the factors that predict whether the three national mediation offices review labor dispute petitions. This study suggests that transnational activism is a key factor in explaining petition acceptance. Transnational advocates craft petitions differently from other groups and, by including worker testimony in the petitions, signal to arbitration bodies the possibility of corroborating claims through contact with affected workers. 相似文献
323.
Agroecology has played a key role in helping Cuba survive the crisis caused by the collapse of the socialist bloc in Europe and the tightening of the US trade embargo. Cuban peasants have been able to boost food production without scarce and expensive imported agricultural chemicals by first substituting more ecological inputs for the no longer available imports, and then by making a transition to more agroecologically integrated and diverse farming systems. This was possible not so much because appropriate alternatives were made available, but rather because of the Campesino-a-Campesino (CAC) social process methodology that the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) used to build a grassroots agroecology movement. This paper was produced in a 'self-study' process spearheaded by ANAP and La Via Campesina, the international agrarian movement of which ANAP is a member. In it we document and analyze the history of the Campesino-to-Campesino Agroecology Movement (MACAC), and the significantly increased contribution of peasants to national food production in Cuba that was brought about, at least in part, due to this movement. Our key findings are (i) the spread of agroecology was rapid and successful largely due to the social process methodology and social movement dynamics, (ii) farming practices evolved over time and contributed to significantly increased relative and absolute production by the peasant sector, and (iii) those practices resulted in additional benefits including resilience to climate change. 相似文献
324.
Estrada-Martínez LM Padilla MB Caldwell CH Schulz AJ 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):1039-1051
Existing research rarely considers important ethnic subgroup variations in violent behaviors among Latino youth. Thus, their
risk for severe violent behaviors is not well understood in light of the immense ethnic and generational diversity of the
Latino population in the United States. Grounded in social control theory and cultural analyses of familism, we examine differences in the risk for severe youth violence, as well its associations with family cohesion, parental engagement,
adolescent autonomy, household composition, and immigrant generation among Mexican (n = 1,594), Puerto Rican (n = 586), Cuban
(n = 488), and non-Latino Black (n = 4,053), and White (n = 9,921) adolescents with data from the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health. Results indicate a gradient of risk; White youth had the lowest risk for severe violence and Puerto
Rican youth had the highest risk compared to all other racial/ethnic subgroups. Within-group analysis indicates that family
factors are not universally protective or risk-inducing. While family cohesion decreased the risk of severe violence among
all groups, parental engagement was associated with increased risk among Blacks and Whites, and adolescent autonomy was associated
with increased risk among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. In addition, Cuban and White adolescents who lived in single parent households
or who did not live with their parents, had higher risk for severe violent behaviors than their counterparts who lived in
two parent households. Among Latinos, the association of immigrant generation was in opposite directions among Mexicans and
Cubans. We conclude that family and immigration factors differentially influence risk for violence among Latino subgroups
and highlight the significance of examining subgroup differences and developing intervention strategies that are tailored
to the needs of each ethnic subgroup. 相似文献
325.
The Sri Lanka National Archives (SLNA) in Colombo preserve under the names of head thombo and land thombo several hundreds of eighteenth-century registers on family composition and landownership. At the time of their compilation by the Dutch East India Company or VOC the thombos suited a general administrative purpose; currently they are used only in genealogical research and in court cases concerning land disputes. Demographic, family and colonial history, however, can profit considerably from this neglected source. In the following we describe a project to digitize the registers of the Colombo province, and we discuss and evaluate the variables in the database by focusing on the family groups of a relatively small district. 相似文献
326.
Rocío Dánica Cóndor Antonino Scarelli Riccardo Valentini 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2011,11(2):117-137
The three Rio Conventions—the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity,
and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification—face the challenge to create synergies at different levels. The
objective of this article is to describe how we have assessed synergies between the Rio Conventions at the project level in
the forest sector. Since the complexity of the decision problem is high, we adopted the Multicriteria Decision Aid approach,
which can provide a broad insight into the decision problem and find a compromise solution to a problem with multidimensional
and conflicting criteria including social, economic and environmental features. The ELECTRE TRI model was used for assessing
synergies at the project level, and has been a useful tool to quantify the performance of afforestation and reforestation
projects into three categories (synergistic, reasonably synergistic, and not synergistic). For the first time, afforestation
and reforestation projects have been assessed in a comprehensive way through decision criteria that reflect global and local
interests using a non-compensatory multicriteria method. 相似文献
327.
Luís Aguiar‐Conraria Pedro C. Magalhães Maria Joana Soares 《American journal of political science》2012,56(2):500-518
Spectral analysis and ARMA models have been the most common weapons of choice for the detection of cycles in political time series. Controversies about cycles, however, tend to revolve around an issue that both techniques are badly equipped to address: the possibility of irregular cycles without fixed periodicity throughout the entire time series. This has led to two main consequences. On the one hand, proponents of cyclical theories have often dismissed established statistical techniques. On the other hand, proponents of established techniques have dismissed the possibility of cycles without fixed periodicity. Wavelets allow the detection of transient and coexisting cycles and structural breaks in periodicity. In this article, we present the tools of wavelet analysis and apply them to the study of two lingering puzzles in the political science literature: the existence of cycles in election returns in the United States and in the severity of major power wars. 相似文献
328.
Romão W Vaz BG Lalli PM Bueno MI Correa DN Telles VL de Castro EV Eberlin MN 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(2):539-543
Using desorption/ionization techniques such as easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), it is possible to analyze documents of Brazilian vehicles for authenticity, providing a chemical profile directly from the surface of each document. A method for the detection of counterfeit documents is described, and the falsification procedure is elucidated. Forty authentic and counterfeit documents were analyzed by both positive and negative ion modes, EASI(±)-MS. EASI(+)-MS results identified the presence of (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate plasticizer and of dihexadecyldimethylammonium biocide in both types of documents. For EASI(-)-MS results, the 4-octyloxybenzoic acid additive ([M + H](+): m/z 249) is present only in counterfeit documents. It was also found that counterfeit vehicle documents are produced via Laserjet printers. Desorption/ionization techniques, such as EASI-MS, offer therefore, an intelligent way to characterize the counterfeiting method. 相似文献
329.
da Silva Junior RC Gomes CS Goulart Júnior SS Almeida FV Grobério TS Braga JW Zacca JJ Vieira ML Botelho ED Maldaner AO 《Forensic science international》2012,221(1-3):113-119
Recent information from various sources suggests that a new illicit drug, called "oxi", is being spread across Brazil. It would be used in the smoked form and it would look like to crack cocaine: usually small yellowish or light brown stones. As fully released in the media, "oxi" would differ from crack cocaine in the sense that crack would contain carbonate or bicarbonate salts whereas "oxi" would include the addition of calcium oxide and kerosene (or gasoline). In this context, this work presents a chemical profiling comparative study between "oxi" street samples seized by the Civil Police of the State of Acre (CP/AC) and samples associated with both international and interstate drug trafficking seized by the Brazilian Federal Police in Acre (FP/AC). The outcome of this work assisted Brazilian authorities to stop inaccurate and alarmist releases on this issue. It may be of good use by the forensic community in order to better understand matters in their efforts to guide local law enforcement agencies in case such claims reach the international illicit market. 相似文献
330.
After the train bombing in Madrid (Spain) on 11 March 2004, methenamine was detected in some of the specimens of Goma-2 ECO dynamite submitted to the forensic laboratories when analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). Methenamine is synthesized from formaldehyde and ammonia through a condensation reaction. However, neither methenamine nor any of these compounds were used to manufacture Goma-2 ECO dynamite. Four different experiments were designed in order to explain the presence of methenamine detected in the dynamite samples analyzed. In the first one, GC-MS was used to analyze the individual components of Goma-2 ECO provided by the manufacturer and the components mixed in a raw paste. Methenamine was detected in the manufacturer's ammonium nitrate and in the raw paste. The other experiments were designed to find the precursors sources for methenamine generation in Goma-2 ECO. Results revealed that these sources could be ammonium nitrate for ammonia and sawdust for formaldehyde. Under heating conditions, dynamite could produce these precursors, which could condense in the injection port of the GC-MS system and generate methenamine. However, methenamine was not always detected in these dynamites. This was explained by the existence of two opposite effects: (a) dynamite stability makes difficult that ammonium nitrate releases ammonia and (b) there is a gradual loss of formaldehyde in sawdust along the time. Both effects can prevent the formation of an amount of methenamine large enough to be detected. 相似文献