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981.
Access to Power Versus Exercise of Power Reconceptualizing the Quality of Democracy in Latin America
Research on comparative democratization has recently expanded its focus to issues of institutional quality: clientelism, corruption,
abuse of executive decree authority, and weak checks and balances. However, problems of institutional quality are so different
from those involved in regime transitions that it is unproductive to treat them as part of the same macro-process, democratization.
Whereas regime transitions are changes in the form of access to power, problems of institutional quality involve the exercise of power. Abuses in the exercise of power affecting institutional quality are best characterized not as indicators of authoritarianism
and deficiencies in democratization but as reflecting—in Weberian terms—patrimonialism and failures in bureaucratization.
Moreover, struggles over the exercise of power involve causes, mechanisms, and actors that can be quite distinct from those
at play in conflicts over access to power. The proposed analytical framework centered on the distinction between access and
exercise enhances conceptual clarity and provides a stronger theoretical basis for tackling fundamental questions about politics
in Latin America, including the failure of democratization to curb clientelism and foster other improvements of institutional
quality, and the prospects of democratic stability under patrimonial administrations. 相似文献
982.
Wonik Kim 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2010,45(1):57-82
This paper focuses on the distribution of sectoral unemployment risks and the role of political regimes in the foundational
moments of unemployment compensation. The institutionalization of unemployment compensation is a function of two factors.
First, it depends on the distribution of unemployment risks by economic sectors. Second, the effect of risk inequality is
conditional upon the political regime type. I employ event history analysis of 144 countries throughout the world for the
long historical period from 1880 to 2000. The results show that an overall societal level of unemployment risk and inequality
of sectoral unemployment risks in a society are positively associated with the likelihood of the institutionalization of unemployment
compensation. In addition, the effect of risk inequality is much higher under democracy than under dictatorship. A broader
implication is that the creation of unemployment compensation is not only a function of homogeneous working class power but
also a function of working class conflict that stems from the heterogeneity of unemployment risks among workers. 相似文献
983.
984.
Mark A. Pollack Emilie M. Hafner-Burton 《The Review of International Organizations》2010,5(3):285-313
International organizations (IOs) have moved increasingly in recent years to adopt cross-cutting mandates that require the
“mainstreaming” of particular issues, such as gender equality or environmental protection, across all IO policies. Successful
IO performance with respect to such mandates, we hypothesize, is determined in large part by the use of hard or soft institutional
measures to shape the incentives of sectoral officials whose cooperation is required for successful implementation. We test
this hypothesis with respect to two such mandates—gender mainstreaming and environmental policy integration—in a single international
organization, the European Union, demonstrating a strong causal link between the use of hard incentives and IO performance
in these and related mandates. 相似文献
985.
Robert L. Brown 《The Review of International Organizations》2010,5(2):141-175
Principal-agent analyses of delegation to international organizations have advanced our understanding of international cooperation
through institutions. However, broader tests of why and when states delegate are not possible without a clear means for objectively
identifying and measuring delegation. This paper develops a metric for delegation based upon the services the agent provides
to its principals and the resources and autonomy it has to provide those services. This numerical metric is continuous and
generalizable to a wide variety of principal-agent relationships. This paper then demonstrates the face validity of the measure
with case studies of delegation to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The paper concludes with a test of Realist and Institutionalist hypotheses for cooperation using the delegation metric, demonstrating
the complexity of the underlying reasons we observe delegation. 相似文献
986.
987.
Johannes Urpelainen 《The Review of International Organizations》2010,5(4):475-496
Market instruments, such as emissions trading or pollution taxes, are less costly than “command and control” regulation. Yet
technological standards are common in international environmental agreements and now figure prominently among proposals to
mitigate global warming. I show that technological standards can be combined with market instruments to create collective
enforcement power. They allow states to internationally enforce technology installation, so the payoff to free riding decreases.
A notable feature of the argument is that technological standards and market instruments are complements, while previous research
has treated them as substitutes. Empirically, technological standards are most valuable if international cooperation is difficult
to enforce and the rate of technological change in concerned industries is slow. 相似文献
988.
989.
Toshiaki Tamaki 《Asia Europe Journal》2010,8(3):347-358
In early modern times, the Netherlands imported grain from the Baltic, especially Poland, and re-exported it elsewhere in
Europe. The Dutch shipping industry was extremely profitable, for transport costs were very high, and the number of Dutch
ships was by far the largest among the European countries. Dutch prosperity was based on shipping of grain from the Baltic.
Amsterdam was also a center of information because it was a port at which many ships stayed, and which attracted various merchants
owing to its policy of religious tolerance. Much commercial information and know-how were accumulated in and spread from Amsterdam
which contributed to the growth of the regional European economy from the Baltic because many merchants migrated to Northern
Europe via the city, bringing with them the latest commercial techniques. Amsterdam therefore served as a core of Baltic integration
in the early modern period, for it was a center of shipping and information. 相似文献
990.