Why Are the Poor More Vulnerable to Bribery in Africa? The Institutional Effects of Services

Whereas most studies find the poor in Africa to be more vulnerable to bribery because of their lower socio-economic status, this paper proposes institutional differences as an alternative explanation. Because poor people are unable to afford privately provided services, they must use public services. In relying on the state more often, the poor become more vulnerable to bribery. Analyses of Afrobarometer data show that the poor are not more likely to pay bribes for state monopolised services. The poor’s disproportionate vulnerability to bribery for choice services is a function of their greater likelihood to have contact with the state.     

Being Underway,Not in Delay,on Climate Change-Related Disclosure

Confusion among companies over what is adequate in environmental disclosure, in general, sets an unfortunate stage for contemplating the newer matter of climate change-related disclosure. Companies waiting for new legislative and regulatory outcomes before contending with climate change disclosure, however, are in exposed and inadvisable delay on the matter. Existing regulations and standards pertain and instruct, if indirectly, on what is to be disclosed and accrued, and when. Their requirements, the possibility of enforcement actions, and recent evidence of costly consequences to former executives from improper environmental financial disclosure reinforce corporate management's need for disclosure diligence, including on climate change. The future is here.     

长爪沙鼠颌下腺免疫球蛋白A的定位分布

采用免疫组织化学方法对不同日龄的长爪沙鼠颌下腺IgA的定位分布进行了研究。结果表明,长爪沙鼠的颌下腺由导管部和分泌部构成,分泌部主要由浆液腺构成,导管部包括闰管、纹管、颗粒曲管和小叶间导管等。DAB显色结果表明,IgA阳性细胞主要分布于浆液性腺泡、闰管、纹管、颗粒曲管和小叶间导管,并可分布于腺泡和腺管间结缔组织,IgA阳性产物的分布具有不均一性,无明显随年龄变化的规律性。阳性产物分布于胞质中,胞核呈阴性,对照组阴性。提示从浆细胞产生或循环而来的IgA先经结缔组织进入颌下腺组织,进而定位分布于浆液腺泡和各级导管,导管部有较多的IgA分布。     

Experimental Methodology in Political Science

Experiments offer a useful methodological tool to examine issuesof importance to political scientists. The historical and culturaldifferences between experiments in behavioral economics andsocial psychology are discussed. Issues of central concern toexperimentalists are covered, including impact versus control,mundane versus experimental realism, internal versus externalvalidity, deception, and laboratory versus field experiments.Advantages and disadvantages of experimentation are summarized.     

Evaluating the Comprehensibility of Jury Instructions: A Method and an Example

Methodological problems in jury simulation research involve issues of sampling, choice of stimulus materials, appropriate unit of analysis, appropriate dependent variable, corroborative data, and problems of role playing. Despite these issues, comprehension of jury instructions may be suitable for examination by jury simulation techniques--if certain of these methodological concerns can be satisfied. In a series of 5 experiments using typical Canadian legal instructions on criminal conspiracy and the coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule, this study attempted to validate a simple and inexpensive technique for testing the incomprehensibility of a given set of jury instructions by requiring participants to apply those legal instructions to a set of facts. The results demonstrate the utility of an application test, and suggest that for assessing the comprehensibility of jury instructions, it may be acceptable to use undergraduate students as participants, to use individual participants without group deliberation, and to employ written stimulus materials.