R before D: the case of post conflict reintegration in Tajikistan1

Reintegration was prioritised over demobilisation and disarmament in Tajikistan's peace process. Inadequate disarmament rates were disregarded, but integration of opposition fighters into military and law enforcement units was relatively swift. This created high levels of trust among the former fighters and commanders. The quick provision of incentives, such as comprehensive amnesties and the offer of government positions and economic assets created stakes in the peace process for a number of actors. Transitional justice was largely overlooked. In this way, the case of Tajikistan runs counter to key elements of what has been termed the ‘post-conflict reconstruction orthodoxy’. At the same time, Tajikistan is a rare example of the emergence of post-war stability. This article provides a detailed account of the DDR process and outlines the incentives that it created for the warring parties. It also assesses the emergence of spoilers and the government's counter strategies. The article concludes by highlighting the consolidation of President Rakhmonov's power since 2001, but also raises some questions regarding the viability of Tajikistan's long-term political and economic development.     

中国商法百年(1904-2004)

近现代商法诞生于中世纪后期的地中海沿岸 ,至今已有几百年的历史。中国有几千年的文明史 ,但由于历代统治者实行抑商贱商政策 ,以农为本 ,工商为末 ,商业极不发达 ,更无所谓专门的商事立法。近代自五口通商以来 ,海禁大开 ,欧风东渐 ,洋商蜂拥而入 ,纷纷在华开设洋行 ,建立工厂 ,国人亦加入其间 ,创办民族工商企业 ,中国近代工商业由是以兴 ,同时 ,华、洋商人涉讼事件亦日益增多。由于领事审判权的存在 ,每有纠纷 ,洋商即可依其本国法诉诸各该国驻华领事予以裁判 ,而华商则因无法可依 ,即使权利受到侵害 ,只能听凭地方官吏任意裁断 ,其权益…     

民事审判监督制度整体的程序设计——以《民事诉讼法修正案》为出发点

通过对最近提交全国人大常委会审议的现行民事诉讼法第一个修正案有关内容进行考察,本文围绕民事审判监督制度的完善提出了一套程序整体设计的构想。这一构想充分地考虑了审判监督程序与信访制度的内在联系,力图把诉讼内的制度设计与诉讼外的相关纠纷解决机制结合起来。在程序设计上高度重视再审启动的不同途径之间、事由和程序之间、以及程序的不同阶段之间的相互协调,并努力整合制度内的各种要素。     

Acidic and neutral drugs screen in blood with quantitation using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection and capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detection

Blood previously acidified with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried extract was subjected to acetonitrile–hexane partition. The acetonitrile portion was analysed for the presence of acidic and neutral drugs by HPLC–DAD (200 mm×2.1 mm I.D. microbore ODS-Hypersil column) and GC–FID (25 m narrow-bore×0.25 mm I.D. HP-5 column with 0.33 μm film thickness). The protocol was found to be suitable for both clinical toxicology (including emergency toxicology) and postmortem toxicology. At least 66 drugs of interest were unequivocally identified by RRTs (HPLC) and UV spectra (DAD) match while another 12 were unequivocally identified by double RRTs match (HPLC and GC). Quantitation was facilitated by incorporating calibration blood standards in each assay batch. The five drugs most commonly encountered in clinical blood specimens (1150 cases) were: paracetamol (47.4% of the cases); chlormezanone (6.6%), theophylline (1.74%), naproxen (1.65%) and mefenamic acid (1.56%). The following drugs were detected in toxicologically significant quantities in postmortem blood specimens (245 cases): phenobarbitone (1.22% of the cases), naproxen (0.82%), chlormezanone (0.82%), theophylline (0.82%), carbamazepine (0.41%) and paracetamol (0.41%).     

浅析网络著作权问题

网络越来越深入人们的生活,给人们带来方便的同时也出现很多问题,其中包括网络著作权的侵权问题。作者从网络著作权、网络著作权侵权及法律保护问题等方面提出了自己的看法。