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201.
The article reports a meta-analysis on controlled outcome evaluations of sexual offender treatment. From 2,039 documents published in five languages, 69 studies containing 80 independent comparisons between treated and untreated offenders fulfilled stepwise eligibility criteria (total N = 22,181). Despite a wide range of positive and negative effect sizes, the majority confirmed the benefits of treatment. Treated offenders showed 6 percentage points or 37% less sexual recidivism than controls. Effects for violent and general recidivism were in a similar range. Organic treatments (surgical castration and hormonal medication) showed larger effects than psychosocial interventions. However, this difference was partially confounded with methodological and offender variables. Among psychological programs, cognitive–behavioral approaches revealed the most robust effect. Nonbehavioral treatments did not demonstrate a significant impact. There was no outcome difference between randomized and other designs, however, group equivalence was associated with slightly larger effects. Various other moderators had a stronger impact on effect size (e.g., small sample size, quality of outcome reporting, program completion vs. dropout, age homogeneity, outpatient treatment, and authors’ affiliation with the program). More differentiated, high-quality evaluations are needed to clarify: What works for whom under which circumstances? 相似文献
202.
Cathleen?FogelEmail author 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(2):191-210
This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term. 相似文献
203.
Laurence?D.?MeeEmail author 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(3):227-263
This study examines the role of the UN’s programmes for environment and development (UNEP and UNDP) in the genesis and implementation
of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). This is set in the wider context of the changing dominant focus of the international
agenda, from ‘environment’ at the Stockholm Conference in 1972, to ‘environment and development’ at Rio in 1992, and ‚sustainable
development’ in Johannesburg in 2002. UNDP is a development organisation strongly rooted in its country office network. Its
role is becoming increasingly normative however, particularly since 2002 when UNDP opted to root most of its activities on
the Millennium Development Goals. UNEP, as an environmental organisation has been successful at catalysing MEAs at the global
and regional level; but without a significant increase in its budget over 30 years, its capacity has been spread very thinly.
Many of the institutional arrangements for MEAs have effectively become independent of UNEP resulting in a very loosely and
sometimes poorly coordinated network. Two case studies are used to illustrate the current institutional arrangements: UNEP’s
Regional Seas Conventions and Protocols, and the Convention for Biological Diversity. These illustrate the fragmentation of
current institutions, the need for strengthened technical and scientific support, the importance of addressing problems at
their root causes and the need to increase the devolution of global governance to the regional level. Satisfying the identified
needs requires actions within the remit of both UNEP and UNDP. It is argued that current institutional arrangements have not
kept pace with the requirements of evolving policy. As part of a reform process, one option may be to merge the two programmes
into a single structure that conserves and strengthens vital technical functions but enables a balanced and integrated approach
to sustainable development. 相似文献
204.
AXEL?MICHAELOWAEmail author SONJA?BUTZENGEIGER MARTINA?JUNG 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(1):25-46
In the second commitment period 2013–2017, the Kyoto Protocol structure is strengthened considerably. The current Annex B countries agree to reduction targets averaging 23% reductions from 1990 level. This induces non-Annex B countries to take up emissions targets according to a multi-tiered graduation system. Graduation is undertaken according to thresholds defined by per capita GDP and emissions. Compared to the current Annex B, coverage of emissions by absolute caps would increase by about 25%; large low-income countries such as India and China do not graduate. Therefore, large emitters above 50 million t. p.a. can utilise a policy-based Clean Development Mechanism. Sinks of all types – terrestrial, marine and geological can be used. To achieve this policy scenario, voter pressure due to extreme meteorological events and a coordination of all progressive forces in the international climate negotiations are necessary. Moreover, a judicious combination of carrots and sticks has to be developed to entice Non-Annex B countries to graduate. 相似文献
205.
Electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders has been in use for just over two decades and motives for using it remain diverse. Some agencies that use EM attempt to deliver humane and affordable sanctions while others seek to relieve jail crowding or to avoid the construction of new jails. Nonetheless, all EM programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have always hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism. This review investigates the history of EM and the extent to which EM empirically affects criminal behavior in moderate to high-risk populations. All available recidivism studies that included at least one comparison group between the first impact study in 1986 and 2002 were considered for the review. Although variants such as GPS tracking and continuous testing for alcohol in perspiration have recently emerged, no studies of these technologies were found that met the review’s inclusion criteria. Studies are examined and combined for meta-analysis where appropriate. Given its continued and widespread use and the dearth of reliable information about its effects, the authors conclude that applications of EM as a tool for reducing crime are not supported by existing data. Properly controlled experiments would be required to draw stronger conclusions about the effects of EM. 相似文献
206.
Prevention science,drug abuse prevention,and Life Skills Training: Comments on the state of the science 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gilbert?J.?BotvinEmail author Kenneth?W.?Griffin 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2005,1(1):63-78
There has been tremendous growth in the field of prevention science over the past two decades. The defining features of contemporary prevention science are high quality empirical research using rigorous and well-established scientific methods, careful hyphothesis testing, and the systematic accumulation of knowledge. One area where substantial progress has been made is in our understanding of the etiology and prevention of tobacoo, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse. In this paper, we review the growth in prevention as a scientific enterprise, discuss advances in drug abuse prevention research, and review the effectiveness of one approach to the problem of adolescent drug abuse, the Life Skills Traning (LST) program, and the methodological strengths of the LST evaluation research. In addition, we provide a response to criticism regarding two types of data analysis in evaluation research, and show that these analyses can help address a number of important research questions with implications for theory and practice. First, the analysis of high fidelity subsamples can address research questions about the importance of program implementation fidelity; and second, composite measures of concurrent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use (i.e., polydrug use) are useful in testing research questions about program effects on more serious levels of drug involvement. With an increasing number of ramdomized controlled trials underway, the field of prevention science is contributing to a new generation of evidence-based approaches and policies that, if widely utilized, offer the potential of reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with a number of major health and social problems. 相似文献
207.
Chaido?DritsakiEmail author Melina?Dritsaki-Bargiota 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2005,38(1):113-127
This paper examines empirically the causal relationship among financial development, credit market and economic growth by
using a trivariate autoregressive VAR model in Greece for the examined period 1988:1–2002:12. The results of cointegration
analysis suggested that there is one cointegrated vector among the functions of stock market, the banking sector development
and economic growth. Granger causality tests have shown that there is a bilateral causal relationship between banking sector
development and economic growth and a unidirectional causality between economic growth and stock market development whereas
there is no causal relationship between the stock market and banking sector development. 相似文献
208.
The paper surveys the most important literature on emerging markets and their performance. Emerging market countries are defined
here as the countries with low intuitional capacity in general, rather than the countries with particular economic characteristics
and per capita income; although the latter is the predominant view in the current literature. The paper places particular
importance on the legal system and legal order (compliance) in the transitional economies, stressing the importance of adequate
regulation where even more advanced regulatory models, like market regulation, should not be totally excluded. Despite many
common characteristics, emerging markets differ significantly one from another and it is very difficult, if really not impossible,
to create one ‘general theory of emerging markets’ and its financial behaviour. Finally, the practice in the last decade or
so, has proven that emerging markets are somewhat unpredictable and difficult to model. 相似文献
209.
Critique has been shaped according to legal protocols and techniques. From Kant to Hegel and Marx, critics have tended to adopt one of the roles available in court procedure. This internal connection is most evident in American CLS of a psychoanalytical nature. If critique recognises itself in the juridical, psychoanalysis asks us to believe in the law. British critical legal scholars have followed a more political and aesthetic strategy, which today may ask us to abandon traditional critique for acts of critical resistance. 相似文献
210.