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764.
Kevin A. Wright Byungbae Kim Laurie Chassin Sandra H. Losoya Alex R. Piquero 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2014,43(10):1781-1799
Serious youthful offenders are presented with a number of significant challenges when trying to make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. One of the biggest obstacles for these youth to overcome concerns their ability to desist from further antisocial behavior, and although an emerging body of research has documented important risk and protective factors associated with desistance, the importance of the neighborhoods within which these youth reside has been understudied. Guided by the larger neighborhood effects on crime literature, the current study examines the direct and indirect effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending among a sample of highly mobile, serious youthful offenders. We use data from Pathways to Desistance, a longitudinal study of serious youthful offenders (N = 1,354; 13.6 % female; 41.4 % African American, 33.5 % Hispanic, 20.2 % White), matched up with 2000 Census data on neighborhood conditions for youth’s main residence location during waves 7 and 8 of the study. These waves represent the time period in which youth are navigating the transition to adulthood (aged 18–22; average age = 20). We estimate structural equation models to determine direct effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending and also to examine the possible indirect effects working through individual-level mechanisms as specified by theoretical perspectives including social control (e.g., unsupervised peer activities), strain (e.g., exposure to violence), and learning (e.g., exposure to antisocial peers). Additionally, we estimate models that take into account the impact that a change in neighborhood conditions may have on the behavior of youth who move to new residences during the study period. Our results show that concentrated disadvantage is indirectly associated with youth reoffending primarily through its association with exposure to deviant peers. Taking into account youth mobility during the study period produced an additional indirect pathway by which concentrated disadvantage is associated with goal blockage (i.e., the gap between belief in conventional goals and perceived potential to reach those goals), which was then associated with exposure to deviant peers and indirectly, reoffending behavior. We conclude that the neighborhood effects literature offers a promising framework for continued research on understanding the successful transition to adulthood by serious youthful offenders. 相似文献
765.
Developmental taxonomies of crime disagree on whether distinctive offender trajectories are related to common or unique risks.
This study examined childhood risks of differing arrest trajectories across childhood through early adulthood (from ages 10–11
to 26–27 years) that were identified in prior work for 203 at-risk, predominantly Caucasian young men. Multivariate analyses
revealed that when both distal (childhood risk factors) and proximal risk factors (deviant peer association as a time-varying
covariate) were included in the model, relatively few childhood risk factors (assessed at age 9–10 years) discriminated the
chronic offender groups from rare offenders (i.e., child antisocial behavior, child attention problems, parents’ antisocial
behavior). Rather, deviant peer association was significantly related to levels of offending within each trajectory group (i.e., chronic and rare offender groups). No predictor differentially predicted membership in the two
chronic groups, supporting the linear gradation argument. Theoretical and prevention implications are discussed. 相似文献
766.
Susan?M.?McHaleEmail author Ji?Yeon?Kim Marni?Kan Kimberly?A.?Updegraff 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(6):666-679
A burgeoning body of research documents links between sleep and adjustment in adolescence, but little is known about the role
of the social ecology in promoting healthful sleeping habits. This study was aimed at identifying the socio-cultural correlates
of adolescents’ sleep, including average nighttime sleep duration, average daytime napping, and night-to-night variability
in sleep duration and assessing the links between these dimensions of sleep and adjustment in Mexican-American youth. Participants
were 469 Mexican-American adolescents (50.5% female) and their mothers and fathers. Data on family socio-cultural characteristics
and youth adjustment were collected in home interviews with youth, mothers, and fathers, and, during 7 evening telephone interviews,
adolescents reported on nighttime sleep and daytime napping for the prior 24-h period. Night-to night variability and napping
were more strongly linked to youth depressive symptoms and risky behavior than was average nighttime sleep, whereas nighttime
sleep predicted lower body mass index. Lower parental acculturation and fathers’ familism values predicted more healthful
sleep, and higher levels of family income, parental education and neighborhood crime predicted less healthful sleep. In addition
to illuminating the significance of socio-cultural influences on youths’ sleep, this study contributes to the literature by
documenting the multidimensionality of sleep patterns and their links with adjustment in an understudied population. 相似文献
767.
As public service motivation research grows qualitatively and quantitatively, some scholars question its appropriateness for international applications. This essay sets out a strategy of convergence for international research and measurement approaches. Studies that assess commonalities in public service motivation content internationally are analyzed in order to develop a broader conceptual and more operational definition as well as consequently a more universal public service motivation construct. Public service motives, according to this review, are based on self‐sacrifice and fall into three categories: instrumental, value‐based, and identification. The dimensions of the public service motivation construct are refined along the lines of attraction to public participation, commitment to public values, compassion, and self‐sacrifice. Researchers are urged to include all of its dimensions within their empirical studies to advance contemporary public service motivation studies. 相似文献
768.
André Blais Elisabeth Gidengil Patrick Fournier Neil Nevitte Joanna Everitt Jiyoon Kim 《Electoral Studies》2010
We test two competing hypotheses about the impact of partisanship and information on people's political judgments and perceptions of facts using Canadians' reactions to a major scandal. Our findings with respect to subjective political judgments confirm the argument that partisan predispositions are crucial. But there is no evidence to support the argument that the polarizing effect of partisanship is most evident among the most informed. When it comes to perceptions of “objective” facts, the results are consistent with Zaller's reception axiom: the more informed people are, the more likely they are to correctly perceive objective facts. Partisanship does not appear to affect these perceptions. 相似文献
769.
Kim Gin M.S. Jason Tovar M.D. Eric J. Bartelink Ph.D. Ashley Kendell Ph.D. Colleen Milligan Ph.D. P. Willey Ph.D. James Wood D.D.S. Eugene Tan Ph.D. Rosemary S. Turingan Ph.D. Richard F. Selden M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(3):791-799
In November 2018, Butte County, California, was decimated by the Camp Fire, the deadliest wildfire in state history. Over 150,000 acres were destroyed, and at its peak, the fire consumed eighty acres per minute. The speed and intensity of the oncoming flames killed scores of people, and weeks before the fire was contained, first responders began searching through the rubble of 18,804 residences and commercial buildings. As with most mass disasters, conventional identification modalities (e.g., fingerprints, odontology, hardware) were utilized to identify victims. The intensity and duration of the fire severely degraded most of the remains, and these approaches were useful in only 22 of 84 cases. In the past, the remaining cases would have been subjected to conventional DNA analysis, which may have required months to years. Instead, Rapid DNA technology was utilized (in a rented recreational vehicle outside the Sacramento morgue) in the victim identification effort. Sixty-nine sets of remains were subjected to Rapid DNA Identification and, of these, 62 (89.9%) generated short tandem repeat profiles that were subjected to familial searching; essentially all these profiles were produced within hours of sample receipt. Samples successfully utilized for DNA identification included blood, bone, liver, muscle, soft tissue of unknown origin, and brain. In tandem with processing of 255 family reference samples, 58 victims were identified. This work represents the first use of Rapid DNA Identification in a mass casualty event, and the results support the use of Rapid DNA as an integrated tool with conventional disaster victim identification modalities. 相似文献
770.
Parents and adolescents often have discrepant views of parenting which pose challenges for researchers regarding how to deal with information from multiple informants. Although recent studies indicate that parent–adolescent discrepancies in reports of parenting can be useful in predicting adolescent outcomes, their findings are mixed regarding whether discrepancies relate to more positive or more negative adolescent outcomes. This study examined the longitudinal implications of parent–adolescent discrepancies in reports of parenting (warmth, monitoring, and reasoning) on adolescent behavioral, psychological, academic, and physical health outcomes among Mexican immigrant families in the United States. Participants were 604 adolescents (54% female, M age.wave1?=?12.41 years) and their parents. Taking a person-centered approach, this study identified distinct patterns of parent–adolescent discrepancies in parenting and their different associations with later adolescent outcomes. Adolescents’ more negative perceptions of parenting relative to parents were associated with more negative adolescent outcomes, whereas adolescents’ more positive perceptions relative to parents related to more positive adolescent outcomes. There were also variations in discrepancy patterns and their associations with adolescent outcomes between mother–adolescent vs. father-adolescent dyads. Findings of the current study highlight individual variations of discrepancies among parent–adolescent dyads and the importance of considering both the magnitude and direction of discrepancies regarding their associations with adolescent well-being. 相似文献