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141.
This article examines the implications of high levels of informal (or invalid) voting in Australian national elections using a social exclusion framework. The rate of the informal vote is an indicator of social and political exclusion with particular groups of Australians experiencing inordinate electoral disadvantage. Poorer voters, voters from non‐English speaking backgrounds and those with low education levels are especially disadvantaged by factors peculiar to the Australian voting experience. We begin by exploring the character and pattern of informal voting and then canvass the technical and socio‐economic factors which explain it. We conclude by considering proposed options for reducing informality, some of which are: the abandonment of compulsory voting, major structural change to the voting system as well as ballot re‐design, electoral education and community information initiatives. 相似文献
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Anne Tallontire Catherine Dolan Sally Smith Stephanie Barrientos 《Development in Practice》2005,15(3-4):559-571
Ethical trade, through codes of practice, forms an important part of the value chains for horticultural products sourced from Africa by major European buyers. This paper explores the relationship between value chains in the horticultural sector, the employment patterns of African producers, and the process of code implementation from a gender perspective. It asks whether, in the context of the gendered economy, codes alone can improve working conditions for all workers. Using case studies of Kenyan flowers, South African fruit, and Zambian flowers and vegetables, the article highlights the implications of flexible employment strategies for workers, and shows that social codes have not necessarily achieved better outcomes for women and informal workers, owing to the gendered economy. Ultimately, it is only by addressing the local gendered economy that the employment conditions of all workers, including those of marginal workers and women, are likely to improve. 相似文献
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Sally J. Kenney 《Feminist Legal Studies》2002,10(3):257-270
Why has it taken so long for member states to appoint women to the Court of Justice? Despite having won relatively significant policy instruments for equal treatment at work and high levels of legislative representation, women in the European Union have been slow to extend the demand for gender mainstreaming to courts. Prior to 1999, the Court of Justice had had one woman member until Ireland appointed Fidelma Macken in late 1999, and Germany appointed Ninon Colneric and Austria appointed Christine Stix-Hackl Advocate General in 2000.The 1995 U.N. meeting in Beijing was a catalyst for the demand for balanced participation of women and men in decision-making processes within the E.U., and it coincided with Sweden, Finland and Austria joining and championing the cause of gender equality. In 1999, the Commission published a report on women in the judiciary and women lawyers began to organize across Europe. After tracing the appointment process, I review the European Parliament's role in championing women on the Court and consider recent developments. Courts, particularly supranational and federal courts, are representative institutions even if their representative function differs from legislatures. Non-merit factors have always been a factor in judicial appointments and thus the demand for women on the bench is not a terrible deviation from merit. An all male bench is no longer legitimate. 相似文献
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Vogl-Bauer Sally Kalbfleisch Pamela J. Beatty Michael J. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1999,28(1):27-49
Equity theory has often been applied and applauded for its explanatory power in casual relationships, since most casual relationships endure only as long as both parties benefit from the relationship. The present study examined satisfaction and relational maintenance strategies as a function of equity in parent–adolescent relationships. Data from both parent and adolescent perceptions were gathered. Results indicated that parents' reports of satisfaction by perceived equity supported predictions by equity theory. However, adolescents' reports of satisfaction offer only partial support of equity theory for participants in underbenefited and equitable relationships. Adolescents' reports of satisfaction for overbenefited participants was not consistent with equity theory. Parents' and adolescents' reports of maintenance strategies by perceived equity provided some support of equity theory. Adolescents' reports of maintenance strategies were also influenced by parent sex. Implications for equity theory in parent–adolescent relationships are discussed. 相似文献
150.
Sally Sheldon 《Journal of law and society》1999,26(2):129-149
It is not just women's bodies which can pose risks to the foetus but also those of men, with the quality of sperm playing an important role in foetal health. This article assesses why male antenatal behaviour has received such scant attention. It focuses on the regulation of liability for congenital disability and foetal protection legislation and policies, in order to uncover the received understandings of male and female reproductivity which have informed the law in this area. It argues that these understandings are predicated upon a particular vision of men's and women's bodies and of a gendered division of labour following the birth of a child. 相似文献