The Cultural Power of Law and the Cultural Enactment of Legality: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage

This paper examines the legal consciousness of same-sex couples with respect to marriage. Data from an interview-based study of 71 members of same-sex couples reveal strong consensus on the desirability of having samesex relationships legally recognized, and considerable variation in couples'attempts to enact marriage culturally through various practices, including the use of marriage-related terminology and public commitment rituals. I argue that some of these efforts to enact marriage culturally should also be read as attempts to enact legality in the absence of official law. The findings from this study challenge the idea that marginalized social actors will tend toward a resistant legal consciousness: Rather than seeking to avoid and evade legality in their everyday lives, most same-sex couples seem to embrace legality for its practical and symbolic resources, even as they stand "against the law" in their opposition to the exclusion of same-sex couples from the institution of legal marriage. Approaching marriage from the perspective of same-sex couples, this research demonstrates that the legal and cultural aspects of marriage are deeply intertwined. Cultural enactments of marriage enact legality even in the absence of official law, and many actors ascribe to law a cultural power that transcends its specific benefits and protections, the power to produce social and cultural equality.     

Captive or victim: the Board of Broadcast Governors and Bernstein's Law, 1958–68

Abstract: Marver Bernstein has suggested that there is a cyclical pattern to the life of a regulatory agency and that after a initial honeymoon public support for the agency falls away, leaving the agency subject to capture by the industry supposedly being regulated. This thesis is applied to the Board of Broadcast Governors, 1958–68. After a brief examination of the history of the Board, its purpose and powers and the concept of independence in the Canadian regulatory process, the author examines five examples of alleged capture: the Canadian content regulations, the development and structuring of the CTV network. the extension of the second television stations, the delay in the introduction of cable TV and the introduction of colour television. The conclusion is drawn that the Board, while it of necessity kept the interests of the private sector in broadcasting in mind, was not the captive of the industry but rather a victim of indifferent ministerial support, vacillating and at times unknown government policies, uncertain financial commitments, inadequate legislation and a schizophrenic public. Finally, it is suggested that a conflict resolution model would provide another useful analytical approach to the study of the Board's activity. Sommaire: Marver Bernstein a acancé l'idée que l'existence d'un organisme de régulation est réglée de maniére cyclique et, qu'aprés une période initiale de “lune de miel”, arrive un moment ou l'organisme ne reçoit plus le soutien politique du groupe qui l'a Créé et risque alors de tomber sous la tutelle de l'industrie qu'il est censé contrder. Cette thése est appliquée ici au Bureau des gouverneurs de la radiodiffusion, pour la période allant de 1958 à 1968. Aprés un bref examen de l'histoire du Bureau, de ses objectifs et pouvoirs et du concept d'indépendance dans l'exercice des fonctions de régulation au Canada, l'auteur étudie cinq exemples de soi-disant tutelle: la réglementation sur le contenu canadien, le développement et la structuration du réseau GTV, l'accroissement du nombre des stations appartenant au second réseau de télévision, le retard dans la création de la câblodiffusion et l'introduction de la télévision en couleur. L‘étude conclut que le Bureau qui, par la force des choses, n’ a jamais perdu de vue les intérêts du secteur privé, n‘ a cependant pas été l'otage de l'industrie inais plutôt la victime de plusieurs autres facteurs: I'indifference ministérielle, des politiques gouvernementales mal définies et même parfois inconnues, des engagements financiers incertains, me législation inadéquate et un public schizophrene. En terminant, l'auteur suggère qu'un modèle de résolution des conflits permettrait cl'aborder différeniment et utilement l'analyse des activités de ce Bureau.     

The European Community and the Adoption of International Food Standards within the Codex Alimentarius Commission

Abstract: This article examines the way the European Community defends its interests in food safety matters within the Codex Alimentarius Commission. It shows that the European Community has strengthened its position as a policymaker within the Codex Commission. It also describes how the European members of the Codex Commission engaged (with mixed results) in the defence of certain principles typical of European food policy. These controversial principles are the precautionary principle, the need to consider factors other than science in determining food standards, and the need to label and make traceable food derived from biotechnology. Lastly, the article evaluates the function of the Codex Commission. Since, in at least two cases the discussions within the Codex Commission did not prevent WTO litigation, the value of the Codex Commission may be questioned. However, the overall assessment of the Codex Commission's activity is positive, since it provides an important and not easily replaceable forum to debate food safety issues, which are particularly sensitive for Codex members of the European Community.     

Is It Bad to Be Good? An Exploration of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior Subtypes in Adolescence

Research in aggressive behavior development has distinguished between proactive (i.e., intended to achieve an instrumental goal) and reactive (i.e., emitted as an emotional response to provocation) subtypes of aggression. A similar distinction has not been made with regard to prosocial behavior. In this study, subtypes of both aggressive and prosocial behavior and their relation to aggression-supporting social cognitions were examined in a sample of 250 early and middle adolescents. Adolescents completed behavior rating scales and a measure of their beliefs about the acceptability of responding aggressively. Principal components analysis identified 3 subtypes of aggressive and prosocial behavior: aggressive, prosocial, and proactive prosocial. Proactive prosocial behavior was positively correlated with aggression and aggression-supporting beliefs, while other prosocial behavior was negatively correlated with these constructs. Findings are discussed in the context of aggressive behavior development and with regard to traditional views of prosocial behavior as altruistic.     

Beyond Territorial Contiguity: Issues at Stake in Democratic Militarized Interstate Disputes

Scholars of international politics have been slow to address the fundamental issues that ground interstate conflict. Territory has frequently been cited as a primary source of contention among states, but it remains only one issue and not even the one most prevalent in the post–World War II time period. We take the first step toward understanding the broader theoretical link between regime type, issues, and militarized conflict by collecting new data on the issues in dispute between democracies from 1946 to 1992. We findthat (1) a large proportion of the militarized disputes between democracies in the post-WWII period involve fisheries, maritime boundaries, and resources of the sea, (2) well-established democracies are able to remove territory as a contentious issue among them, (3) disputes between democracies have become less severe and shorter in duration over time, and (4) a majority of the post-WWII militarized disputes between democracies are not resolved. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these empirical findings for the democraticpeace literature.     

Patient involvement and the politics of methodology

Abstract: The idea of including patient perspectives in health‐services planning and evaluation is increasingly embraced by Canadian health authorities. This article argues that the validity of a particular method is not simply a matter of its scientific rigour; rather, it depends on what one considers to be the meaning and purpose of patient involvement. Perspectives on patient involvement can be conceptualized in terms of a continuum from consumerism (patients as customers who deserve to be satisfied) to participatory democracy (patients as citizens with a right to participate in shaping public services). These ideologies are associated with different methods (market research versus participatory research) and, crucially, yield different results. Evidence from diverse sources suggests that, as methods move across the continuum towards participatory democracy, 1) participants move from expressing simple opinions to considering broader issues, context and complexity, and 2) participants' perspectives shift from individualism (personal interest) towards collectivism (common interest). As well, different approaches have different strengths and risks in terms of the ultimate goal of patient involvement: change to services. This article outlines the implications of the “politics of methodology” for decisions about how best to involve patients in the design and evaluation of health services. Sommaire : L'inclusion des perspectives des patients dans la planification et l'évaluation des services de santé est une idée à laquelle adhèrent de plus en plus les autorités sanitaires canadiennes. Le présent article soutient que la validité d'une méthode particulière ne dépend pas simplement de sa rigueur scientifique, mais plutôt de ce que l'on considère être la signification et le but de la participation des patients. Les perspectives sur la participation des patients peuvent être conceptualisées en termes d'un continuum, allant du consommateurisme (les patients étant considérés comme des clients qui méritent que l'on réponde à leurs besoins) à une démocratie participative (les patients étant considérés comme des citoyens ayant le droit de participer au façonnement des services publics). Ces idéologies sont associées à différentes méthodes (recherche de marché versus recherche participative) et, essentiellement, donnent lieu à des résultats différents. Comme le laissent entendre différentes sources, alors que les méthodes progressent dans la direction d'une démocratie participative, 1) les participants délaissent l'expression de simples opinions pour aborder des questions, un contexte et une complexité plus vastes, et 2) les perspectives des participants passent de l'individualisme (intérêts personnels) au collectivisme (intérêt commun). En outre, différentes approches présentent des points forts et des risques différents pour ce qui est de l'objectif ultime de la participation des patients, à savoir les changements à apporter aux services. Le présent article décrit brièvement les implications de la « politique de méthodologie » pour ce qui est des décisions concernant le meilleur moyen de faire intervenir les patients dans la conception et l'évaluation des services de santé.     

The Techno-Economic: Perspectives for Analysis and Intervention

This paper compares the macro- and micro- analyses of techno-economic change. Arguing for perspectives which are sensitive to the local flexibility of innovation but which can also provide suggestions for policy and intervention, it describes and reviews the two major contributions: work on Techno-Economic Networks, and on Techno-Economic Paradigms. It is argued that the former has greater depth of analytical sensitivity, whilst the latter is more policy-relevant. Whilst there are approaches, such as Constructive Technology Assessment, which attempt to combine the two perspectives, these are seen as failing to retain sensitivity to the power differentials between key actors such as firms, experts, governing agencies or citizens' groups. The paper concludes by advocating attention to the ‘meso-level techno-economic’—the networks of institutions and actors at work in: geographically bounded systems of innovation; scientific and technological disciplines; firms, their strategies and linkages; and the nexus between production and consumption.