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31.
32.
从犯的犯罪既遂认定是共同犯罪既遂认定中的一个分支问题,较难引起学术界的注意,但其对共同犯罪既遂理论及刑事司法实践的发展不无积极意义.结合共同犯罪及犯罪既遂的相关理论.对以从犯形式而存在的组织犯、教唆犯、帮助犯、实行犯的犯罪既遂问题分别予以阐述.  相似文献   
33.
The measures of democracy commonly used in empirical research suffer notable limitations, primarily the exclusion of participation. As a result, quantitative studies may undervalue the effect of democracy on important social outcomes or misinterpret the aspect of democracy responsible for that effect. We respond by introducing and validating two variants of a new indicator, the Participation Enhanced Polity Score (PEPS), which augments institutional factors with the breadth of citizen participation. We demonstrate, using statistical evidence on democratic persistence, basic needs fulfillment, and gender equality, that no measure of democracy can be considered an accurate representation of its basic character without directly including participation as a core component. Bruce E. Moon is professor of international relations at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He is the author ofThe Political Economy of Basic Human Needs (Cornell University Press. 1991) and two editions ofThe Dilemmas of International Trade (Westview Press, 1996, 2000). Jennifer Harvey Birdsall is a researcher for a NGO in Geneva, Switzerland. She received her B.A. in international relations and economics from Lehigh University and her M.S. in global affairs from Rutgers University-Newark. Sylvia Ciesluk is pursuing an M.A. at the Fletcher School at Tufts University. She received her B.S. in economics from Lehigh University. Lauren M. Garlett is a geography teacher at Bellamy Middle School in Chicopee, Massachusetts. She received both her B.A in international relations and her M.Ed. in secondary education from Lehigh University. Joshua J. Hermias is associate director of the Global Young Leaders Conference in Washington, D.C. He received his B.A. in economics from Lehigh University and his M.A. in international development from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, England. Elizabeth Mendenhall is pursuing a Masters in International Affairs (MIA) in economic and political development at Columbia University. She received a B.A. in international relations at Lehigh University. Patrick D. Schmid is a Ph.D. candidate in computer science at Lehigh University. He received both his B.S. and M.S. in computer science from Lehigh University. Wai Hong Wong is a research associate at FactSet Research Systems. He received his B.A. in international relations and economics at Lehigh University. We are grateful for the helpful suggestions of Frank Davis, Bill Dixon, Chaim Kaufmann, Rajan Menon, Pamela Paxton, Larry Taylor, and the anonymous reviewers.  相似文献   
34.
Keines der idealtypischen Modelle des Wohlfahrtsstaates befriedigt als richtungsweisende Vision für die Reform des Geschlechtervertrages. In Ländern, die dem liberalen Modell nahe kommen, gehen die bemerkenswerten Gewinne der Frauen in der Geschlechtergleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zunehmend zulasten gering verdienender Frauen und Familien. Im konservativen Modell ist vor allem die mangelnde Flexibilität der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, die hohe vertikale Segregation zuungunsten der Frauen und die geringe Nutzung des weiblichen Humankapitals zu beklagen. Die Kosten des sozialdemokratischen Modells sind in erster Linie in der hohen horizontalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes zu suchen. Diese ernüchternde Bilanz fordert zu einer grundsätzlicheren Analyse der institutionellen Bedingungen gerechter und effizienter Arbeitsmarktorganisation heraus. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass die Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbssituation der Frauen auf Arbeitsmärkten nicht ausgeschöpft werden. Häufig lassen sich die Bedingungen eines fairen Wettbewerbes auf Arbeitsmärkten aber auch durch eine konsequente Antidiskriminierungspolitik nicht herstellen. Aufgrund der faktisch nach wie vor einseitigen Verteilung familiärer Verpflichtungen erfüllen vor allem Frauen die Bedingung der Angebotselastizität nicht. Andere Spielregeln müssen dann institutionalisiert werden, um Anreize zur effektiven Kooperation zu schaffen. Neben dem Wettbewerb werden deshalb drei weitere Spielregeln der Gerechtigkeit identifiziert: Solidarität, Chancengleichheit und egalitäre Gleichheit. Für alle vier Spielregeln werden konkrete Beispiele für eine zukunftsweisende Gleichstellungspolitik entwickelt.  相似文献   
35.
In this article, we will further the explanation of the state's changing role in health care systems belonging to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We build on our analysis of twenty-three OECD countries, which reveals broad trends regarding governments' role in financing, service provision, and regulation. In particular, we identified increasing similarities between the three system types we delineate as National Health Service (NHS), social health insurance, and private health insurance systems. We argue that the specific health care system type is an essential contributor to these changes. We highlight that health care systems tend to feature specific, type-related deficiencies, which cannot be solved by routine mechanisms. As a consequence, non-system-specific elements and innovative policies are implemented, which leads to the emergence of "hybrid" systems and indicates a trend toward convergence, or increasing similarities. We elaborate this hypothesis in two steps. First, we describe system-specific deficits of each health care system type and provide an overview of major adaptive responses to these deficits. The adaptive responses can be considered as non-system-specific interventions that broaden the portfolio of regulatory policies. Second, we examine diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) as a common approach for financing hospitals efficiently, which are nevertheless shaped by type-specific deficiencies and reform requirements. In the United States' private insurance system, DRGs are mainly used as a means of hierarchical cost control, while their implementation in the English NHS system is to increase productivity of hospital services. In the German social health insurance system, DRGs support competition as a means to control self-regulated providers. Thus, DRGs contribute to the hybridization of health care systems because they tend to strengthen coordination mechanisms that were less developed in the existing health care systems.  相似文献   
36.
The paper presents the findings of a study on elite philanthropy in Israel. The study aimed to describe and analyze the scope of elite philanthropy, which has been affected by the growth and relative stability of the Israeli economy. The study also aimed to shed light on the demographic characteristics of elite philanthropists, their motives for giving, preferred target populations and areas of interest for donations, the value of donations, and the channels and mechanisms through which donations are made. The findings revealed that the average percentage of donations out of the philanthropists’ total earnings was not lower than the percentage found among philanthropists in other Western countries. In the paper, we clarify the meaning of elite philanthropy in the context of Israeli society and the role of elite philanthropists in promoting social programs. We discuss the philanthropists’ sense of obligation to “give back” to the society which enabled them to become wealthy.  相似文献   
37.
Citizens unequally participate in referendums, and this may systematically bias policy in favor of those who vote. Some view compulsory voting as an important tool to alleviate this problem, whereas others worry about its detrimental effects on the legitimacy and quality of democratic decision making. So far, however, we lack systematic knowledge about the causal effect of compulsory voting on public policy. We argue that sanctioned compulsory voting mobilizes citizens at the bottom of the income distribution and that this translates into an increase in support for leftist policies. We empirically explore the effects of a sanctioned compulsory voting law on direct‐democratic decision making in Switzerland. We find that compulsory voting significantly increases electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums by up to 20 percentage points. We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of the policy consequences of electoral institutions.  相似文献   
38.
When addressing complex societal problems, public regulation is increasingly complemented by private regulation. Extant literature has provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of such complex governance structures, with most empirical studies focusing on how public regulation influences private regulation. Conversely, the impact of private on public regulation is less well studied. Here, we investigate this impact with a focus on technological change as possible mechanism. Based on a case study of energy efficiency in buildings in Switzerland, we find evidence of a symbiotic interaction between public and private regulation that leads to ratcheting-up of regulatory stringency. We identify technological change as the mechanism linking private and public regulation. We discuss the relevance of our findings for governance literature and regulators.  相似文献   
39.
Although the positive youth development (PYD) model initially assumed inverse links between indicators of PYD and of risk/problem behaviors, empirical work in adolescence has suggested that more complex associations exist between trajectories of the two domains of functioning. To clarify the PYD model, this study assessed intraindividual change in positive and problematic indicators across Grades 5–10, and the links between these trajectories of development, among 2,516 participants from the 4-H Study of PYD (58.1% females; 64.9% European American, 7.0% African American, 12.3% Latino/a American, 2.6% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 1.8% Native American, 3.0% multiethnic-racial, and 8.4% with inconsistent race/ethnicity across waves). Results from person-centered analyses indicated that most youth clustered in the high trajectories of positive indicators and in the low trajectories of the negative ones. Consistent with past research, overlap between trajectories of positive and negative behaviors was found. These results suggest that theory and application need to accommodate to variation in the links between positive and problematic developmental trajectories.  相似文献   
40.
目的建立一种复合检测线粒体DNA(mtDNA)单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型的方法。方法通过设计等位基因特异性引物并结合毛细管电泳分型技术平台,建立包含16个mtDNASNP位点的复合扩增检测体系。对50名汉族无关个体血样进行mtDNASNP检测,并通过直接测序法对其分型结果进行验证。结果50个样本经本检测体系复合扩增后,均得到清晰的SNP分型结果,当模板量在0.5~10pg时能得到较理想的分型图谱。样本的复合检测结果与直接测序法结果完全一致。结论建立的复合检测体系检测mtDNASNP方法灵敏度高、操作简便、分型准确,为针对mtDNA进行简便、有效的中高通量多态性分型提供了一种新方法。  相似文献   
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