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Heroism emerges when individual decisions are coupled with public rewards for heroic actions, making heroism akin to the voluntary provision of a highly specialized public good. In the past 35 years, however, the number of heroes has fallen considerably as reflected by military honors such as the Congressional Medal of Honor. Our model, which seeks to explain heroism in a rational decision-making framework, suggests that an observed decline in heroism can be explained on the basis of optimal individual and social responses, rather than as an arbitrary change in the governmental rewards for heroism. 相似文献
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Morland LA Leskin GA Block CR Campbell JC Friedman MJ 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(5):652-669
Despite research documenting high rates of violence during pregnancy, few studies have examined the impact of physical abuse, psychological abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on miscarriage. Secondary analysis of data collected by the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study permitted an exploration of the relationships among physical abuse, psychological abuse, PTSD, and miscarriage among 118 primarily ethnic minority women. The interaction between maximum severity of abuse and age provided the best multivariate predictor of miscarriage rate, accounting for 26.9% of the variance between live birth and miscarriage outcome. Mean scores of psychological abuse, physical violence, forced sex, and PTSD were significantly higher in the miscarriage group than in the live birth group. Women who experience physical violence and psychological abuse during pregnancy may be at greater risk for miscarriage. Prospective studies can confirm findings and determine underlying mechanisms. Routine screening for traumatic stress and PTSD may reduce rates of miscarriage. 相似文献
645.
Can underemployment persist in an expanding economy? Clues from a non-Walrasian OLG model with endogenous longevity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gregory Ponthiere 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2008,41(2):97-124
This paper aims at casting a new light on the persistence of underemployment in emerging economies, by examining the relationship
between labour market imperfections and longevity changes. For that purpose, we develop a two-period OLG model where longevity
depends positively on the real wage, but negatively on the underemployment level, which both result from wage negotiations
between a trade-union, representing workers (i.e. young generation), and the management, representing capital-holders (i.e.
old generation). The existence, uniqueness and stability of a non-trivial steady-state equilibrium are studied. The distribution
of bargaining power is shown to be a major determinant of the short run and long run dynamics of employment, production and
longevity. The dynamics is also shown to be significantly sensitive to the precise form under which job quality affects longevity.
相似文献
Gregory PonthiereEmail: |
646.
Herek GM 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2009,24(1):54-74
Using survey responses collected via the Internet from a U.S. national probability sample of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults (N = 662), this article reports prevalence estimates of criminal victimization and related experiences based on the target's sexual orientation. Approximately 20% of respondents reported having experienced a person or property crime based on their sexual orientation; about half had experienced verbal harassment, and more than 1 in 10 reported having experienced employment or housing discrimination. Gay men were significantly more likely than lesbians or bisexuals to experience violence and property crimes. Employment and housing discrimination were significantly more likely among gay men and lesbians than among bisexual men and women. Implications for future research and policy are discussed. 相似文献
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This paper is concerned with the implications of a disparity between payment- and compensation-based measures of economic
loss, examined in the context of contingent valuation survey methods. We first argue that a measure based on individuals'
compensation demanded (CD), rather than their willingness to pay (WTP), is appropriate when losses are proposed and that disparities
between WTP and CD measures often are real rather than artifactual. We then point out some of the problems involved in estimating
CD measures, relate these to several hypotheses about people's behavior, and conclude that they present a formidable challenge
to the accurate estimation of welfare losses. Finally, several guidelines are proposed regarding the use and further development
of compensation-based measures of economic value. 相似文献