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191.
Performance and Management in the Public Sector: Testing a Model of Relative Risk Aversion
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Sean Nicholson‐Crotty Jill Nicholson‐Crotty Sergio Fernandez 《Public administration review》2017,77(4):603-614
Research has demonstrated that management influences the performance of public organizations, but almost no research has explored how the success or failure of a public organization influences the decisions of those who manage it. Arguing that many decisions by public managers are analogous to risky choice, the authors use a well‐validated model of relative risk aversion to understand how such choices are influenced by managers’ perceptions of organizational performance. They theorize that managers will be less likely to encourage innovation or give discretion to employees when they are just reaching their goals relative to other performance conditions. Analyses of responses to the 2011 and 2013 Federal Employee Viewpoint Surveys provide considerable support for these assertions. The findings have significant implications for our understanding of the relationship between management and performance in public organizations. 相似文献
192.
Chia-chen Yang Sean M. Holden Mollie D. K. Carter 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2018,47(10):2114-2128
Social comparison on social media has received increasing attention, but most research has focused on one type of social comparison and its psycho-emotional implications. Little is known about how different types of social comparison influence youth’s identity development. Drawing on the theories of identity processing styles and social comparison, we examined how two different forms of social comparison on social media related to three identity processing styles, which in turn predicted youth’s global self-esteem and identity clarity. We surveyed 219 college freshmen (Mage?=?18.29; 74% female) once in the Fall and once in the Spring. Social comparison of ability on social media was related to concurrent diffuse-avoidant identity processing style, which predicted lower identity clarity months later. In contrast, social comparison of opinion on social media did not influence college freshmen’s global self-esteem and identity clarity through identity processing styles. The findings clarified the implications of online social comparison for youth’s identity development. 相似文献
193.
Mackinnon SP 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(4):474-485
As students transition to post-secondary education, they experience considerable stress and declines in academic performance.
Perceived social support is thought to improve academic achievement by reducing stress. Longitudinal designs with three or
more waves are needed in this area because they permit stronger causal inferences and help disentangle the direction of relationships.
This study uses a cross-lagged panel and a bivariate growth curve analysis with a three-wave longitudinal design. Participants
include 10,445 students (56% female; 12.6% born outside of Canada) transitioning to post-secondary education from ages 15–19.
Self-report measures of academic achievement and a generalized measure of perceived social support were used. An increase
in average relative standing in academic achievement predicted an increase in average relative standing on perceived social
support 2 years later, but the reverse was not true. High levels of perceived social support at age 15 did not protect against
declines in academic achievement over time. In sum, perceived social support appears to have no bearing on adolescents’ future
academic performance, despite commonly held assumptions of its importance. 相似文献
194.
Kidd S 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(5):533-543
This invited commentary seeks to encourage a critical dialogue about youth homelessness that might assist in re-energizing
a field that seems increasingly stagnant with a research body focused primarily on analyses of risk, hopelessly inadequate
policy frameworks in most cities, diminishing funds for services, and decreasing media attention. Reviewing major trends in
research and public responses to youth homelessness in the past century, I propose that there exist three major culturally-bound
dimensions from which we construct our understanding of and responses to youth homelessness. These dimensions, which are considered
in a transactional framework, are the scope of responsibility, the location of moral responsibility, and the amount of agency
attributed to the youth. In this review I highlight the manner in which our historically binary and uncritical understanding
of these dimensional characterizations of youth homelessness has led to major lapses in the effectiveness of our collective
efforts to address this problem. I highlight gaps in the existing body of research literature and provide this framework,
arguing that a strategic and cohesive response is vital if we are to move from reiterations of risk and hackneyed calls for
prevention strategies to the generation of meaningful solutions. 相似文献
195.
Selva Lewin-Bizan Alicia Doyle Lynch Kristen Fay Kristina Schmid Caitlin McPherran Jacqueline V. Lerner Richard M. Lerner 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(7):751-763
Although the positive youth development (PYD) model initially assumed inverse links between indicators of PYD and of risk/problem
behaviors, empirical work in adolescence has suggested that more complex associations exist between trajectories of the two
domains of functioning. To clarify the PYD model, this study assessed intraindividual change in positive and problematic indicators
across Grades 5–10, and the links between these trajectories of development, among 2,516 participants from the 4-H Study of
PYD (58.1% females; 64.9% European American, 7.0% African American, 12.3% Latino/a American, 2.6% Asian American or Pacific
Islander, 1.8% Native American, 3.0% multiethnic-racial, and 8.4% with inconsistent race/ethnicity across waves). Results
from person-centered analyses indicated that most youth clustered in the high trajectories of positive indicators and in the
low trajectories of the negative ones. Consistent with past research, overlap between trajectories of positive and negative
behaviors was found. These results suggest that theory and application need to accommodate to variation in the links between
positive and problematic developmental trajectories. 相似文献
196.
Scholars have challenged the notion of "political safeguardsof federalism" in a large and well-developed body of work onthe use of coercive policy tools by the federal government.This study suggests, however, that there may be some utilityin re-examining the political factors that help to constrainthe growth of national power. Specifically, it argues that theneed to win votes from subnational constituencies makes nationallawmakers less supportive of mandates, preemptions, and taxsanctions during election cycles and, thus, provides an intermittentsafeguard of state authority. It tests and finds evidence forhypotheses related to that general argument in analyses of thepassage of coercive federalist policies over the last thirtyyears. 相似文献
197.
This paper investigates whether and to what extent regulation may be associated with wage inequality. Using regulation measures created by Al-Ubaydli and McLaughlin (Regul Govern 11:109–123, 2017), I find that regulation is associated with larger within-occupation wage inequality. Specifically, I show that a worker at the 90th wage percentile realizes a raise of $1.19 per hour relative to the 10th percentile earner for each standard deviation increase in regulation. That represents a 3.5% raise for a worker at the 90th percentile. Overall, increases in the regulatory burden are associated with 42–45% of the change in the 90th–10th percentile wage ratio from 2002 through 2014.
相似文献198.
Sean Haughey 《The Political quarterly》2020,91(1):134-140
The decision of the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin to once again share power in Northern Ireland has ended a three-year hiatus in the region’s devolved government. The deal which resurrects the devolved institutions—New Decade, New Approach—is not short of ambition. It introduces significant institutional reforms which place the institutions on a more sustainable footing and limit the potential for abuse of the Assembly’s infamous Petition of Concern. Nettles have been grasped on issues to do with language, culture, and identity that have long vexed political parties in Northern Ireland. Tucked away in the deal’s appendices are commitments to implement outstanding pledges made in previous agreements, plus ambitious plans for the new Northern Ireland Executive. However, as parties in the region were quick to discover, aspects of this deal are easier said than done. This article considers what New Decade, New Approach promises and, if fully implemented, what its implications are for politics and governance in Northern Ireland. 相似文献
199.
This study takes stock of the field of Intelligence Studies thanks to a quantitative review of all the articles published in the two main journals in the field: Intelligence and National Security and the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. Particular attention is paid to the diversity of the authors publishing in these two journals and the evolution of the issues they discuss. Publications in the field are widely authored by males based in the United States and the United Kingdom who write about Western intelligence and security organizations. Recent years have seen a slight diversification in the field but further efforts will be necessary to develop a more eclectic body of researchers and research on intelligence and national security. 相似文献
200.