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201.
Before 1874 and after 1964, the evolution of federalism and related political discourses is well known. Between these years, however, stretches a terra incognita, which this political‐historical essay tries to explore. This period was characterised by a steady shift of power from the Canton's to the Confederation, resulting in the frequent re‐grouping of federalists and centralists. Before the First World War, traditionalists from central and occidental Switzerland fiercely defended a confederalist vision. During the interwar years, things quietened down. The modern federal State organisation was no longer fundamentally questioned, and the debate focused on technical questions. The “geistige Landesverteidigung” (moral defence of the country against fascism) secured an enduring yet problematic place for federalism in Swiss culture by transforming it into the “unity in diversity” principle. After the Second World War, modernising forces resulted in the “executive and co‐operative federalism” that we know today. 相似文献
202.
In this research note, candidate survey data from the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) is used to analyse positional shifts of German Bundestag parties between 2013 and 2017. Two developments make Germany a particularly interesting case: (1) the liberal but also controversial policies of the Merkel cabinet during the European refugee crisis and (2) the change of leadership within the right-wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Applying scaling techniques to locate candidates of both elections in the same two-dimensional policy space, the analysis demonstrates that in 2017 the AfD took a distinct radical right position in the party system of Germany. Moreover, the study finds that almost all parties moved to the right on the cultural left–right dimension in 2017, whereas for the economic left–right dimension this has not been the case. Contrary to the mantra of an ideological delineation against right-wing populism, there has been a robust socio-political conservative shift in the German party system. 相似文献
203.
Sebastian Fehrensen 《Natur und Recht》2008,30(7):483-487
Zusammenfassung Mit den Beschlüssen vom 13. M?rz 2008 zur BAB A 4 (“agdbergtunnel”) hat der
9. Senat des BVerwG die strengen Ma?st?be, die er mit dem Urteil zur “Westumfahrung Halle”
für die Prüfung der FFH-Vertr?glichkeit und artenschutzrechtlicher Verbotstatbest?nde
gesetzt hat, erheblich abgeschw?cht. Auf der andern Seite wurden die Anforderungen an die Darlegung
eines faktischen Vogelschutzgebiets und der Verletzung artenschutzrechtlicher Verbotstatbest?nde für
potentielle Kl?ger versch?rft. 相似文献
204.
205.
RA Sebastian Fehrensen 《Natur und Recht》2009,31(1):13-19
Zusammenfassung Nachdem die “Kleine Novelle” des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes für Unsicherheit bei der
Anwendung der neuen Reglungen gesorgt hat, enthalten die ersten Entscheidungen der h?chstrichterlichen
Rechtsprechung eine hohe aktuelle Brisanz. Der Beitrag geht auf die aktuelle Rechtsprechung des BVerwG
zum Artenschutz bei Infrastrukturvorhaben unter dem Aspekt des Gemeinschaftsrechts ein. Behandelt werden
die Einschr?nkung des St?rungsverbots, “vorgezogene Ausgleichsma?nahmen”, die
Prüfung des Ausnahmetatbestands nach vollendeten Tatsachen, die Zulassung von Ausnahmen bei ungünstigem
Erhaltungszustand der Art, das Auseinanderfallen von Entscheidungs- und Beurteilungszeitpunkt sowie die
Berücksichtigung von Kosten bei Alternativen. 相似文献
206.
207.
Lisa Hoffmann Matthias Basedau Simone Gobien Sebastian Prediger 《American journal of political science》2020,64(3):603-620
Contrary to the expectations of secularization theory, religion remains socially important and affects politics in multiple ways—especially regarding conflict between religious communities. Theoretically, religion can increase altruism, but belief in the superiority of one's faith may facilitate intergroup discrimination and related conflict. Previous findings remain inconclusive, however, as specific religious ideas have hardly been tested. In this article, we argue that the content of religious ideas has causal effects on intergroup discrimination. We hence test the impact of two opposing, prominent religious ideas on altruism and discrimination: universal love and the notion of one true religion. Conducting dictator games with Christians and Muslims in Ghana and Tanzania, we find causal effects: Whereas the idea of one true religion increases intergroup discrimination, that of universal love fosters equal treatment. The policy implications hereof are obvious—promoting tolerant religious ideas seems crucial to avoiding conflict. 相似文献
208.
209.
210.
Felix E. Oppenheim 《Ratio juris》2002,15(1):1-15
To determine the relevance of judgments of rationality and of morality in foreign policy decisions, it is necessary to provide a value-neutral definition of "the national interest." This makes it possible to ascertain, in principle, whether a given governmental foreign policy decision is rational with respect to this goal, in turn a necessary means to any government's ultimate purposes. While it is pointless to judge the pursuit of the national interest itself morally right or wrong, moral judgments are relevant to policies and goals compatible with the national interest. However, moral principles are often invoked to justify the pursuit of this intermediate goal. 相似文献