Analyzing the Dynamics and Morphology of Cast‐off Pattern at Different Speed Levels Using High‐speed Digital Video Imaging

During a bloodstain pattern analysis, one of the essential tasks is to distinguish between different kinds of applied forces as well as to estimate their level of intensity. In this study, high‐speed digital imaging has been used to analyze the formation of cast‐off patterns generated by a simulated backswing with a blood‐bearing object. For this purpose, 0.5 mL blood was applied evenly over the last 5 cm of a blade simulant. Bloodstains were created through the controlled acceleration of a backswing at different speed levels between 1.1 m/sec and 3.8 m/sec. The flight dynamics of blood droplets were captured with an Olympus^® i‐Speed 3 high‐speed digital camera with a Nikon^® AF Nikkor 50 mm f/1.8 D lens and analyzed using the Olympus i‐Speed 3 Viewer software. The video analysis showed that, during the backswing, blood droplets would move toward the lower end of the knifepoint and would be tangentially thrown off. These droplets impacted on the horizontal surface according to the arc of the swing. An increase in velocity led to longer cast‐off patterns with distinct morphological characteristics. Under laboratory conditions, bloodstain pattern analysis allows certain conclusions about the intensity of a backswing and provides instructions on the position of the offender. However, due to the number of unknown variables at a crime scene, such interpretation of cast‐off patterns is extremely limited and should be performed with extreme caution.     

Electronic taxation and cybercrimes in Nigeria,Kenya and South Africa: Lessons from Europe and the United States of America

Advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) over the years has changed the way people now live and conduct their businesses. Consequently, tax administrators in line with global trends are shifting from manual processes to electronic tax systems. Although the adoption of ICT has apparent advantages, it does not come without some potential challenges, prominent among which are the activities of cybercriminals. This paper seeks to identify the ways electronic tax systems can be protected and sustained in some African countries, drawing from the lessons the experiences of the United States of America (US) and some countries in Europe present.     

A Peruvian population study of eight Y-chromosome STR loci

We have analyzed the distribution of the allele frequencies and haplotypes at eight Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS460, DYS461, GATA A10, GATA C4 and GATA H4) in a sample population of 87 unrelated individuals from Perú.     

Information, Verfahren, Selbstregulierung, Flexibilisierung: Instrumente eines effektiven Umweltrechts?

Die Jahrhundertaufgabe Nachhaltigkeit verlangt danach, einmal grundsätzlicher nach der Effektivität der Grundstrukturen der deutschen und europäischen Umweltpolitik zu fragen. Dabei verdienen bestimmte neue Steuerungsinstrumente besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Ihre Beurteilung verlangt freilich auch eine prinzipielle Untersuchung, unter welchen Bedingungen politische Steuerung z. B. im Umweltrecht wirksam sein kann. Dieser Beitrag plädiert im Ergebnis für eine andere Steuerungsstrategie, die mit zunehmend dominanten Paradigmen wie Informationsgesellschaft, Prozeduralisierung und Systemtheorie skeptisch umgeht. * Eine rechtssoziologische, ökonomische und historische Analyse umweltpolitischer Defizite bietet Ekardt, Steuerungsdefizite im Umweltrecht—Ursachen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Naturschutzrechts und der Grundrechte. Zugleich zur Relevanz religiösen Säkularisats im öffentlichen Recht, 2001. Die Analyse wird verbessert und auf das Wirtschaftsrecht (speziell Energierecht) ausgedehnt bei Ekardt, Zukunft in Freiheit: Eine Theorie der Gerechtigkeit, der Grundrechte und der politischen Steuerung—zugleich eine Grundlegung der Nachhaltigkeit, 2004, § 7 A. und § 8 B. II. Dazu jetzt auch die wesentlich präzisierte und ergänzte Taschenbuchfassung bei C.H. Beck: Ekardt, Das Prinzip Nachhaltigkeit, 200 S. In diesen Aufsatz gehen ferner einige Vorträge ein, die ich in den letzten Jahren gehalten habe (u.a. an den Universitäten Wuppertal, Juli 2003, und Rostock, Februar 2001).     

A Case of Contested Cremains Analyzed Through Metric and Chemical Comparison

Since the 1980s, cremation has become the fastest growing area of the U.S. funeral industry. At the same time, the number of litigations against funeral homes and cremation facilities has increased. Forensic anthropologists are often asked to determine whether the contents of an urn are actually cremated bone, and to address questions regarding the identity of the remains. This study uses both metric and chemical analyses for resolving a case of contested cremains. A cremains weight of 2021.8 g was predicted based on the decedent's reported stature and weight. However, the urn contents weighed 4173.5 g. The urn contents also contained material inconsistent with cremains (e.g., moist sediment, stones, ferrous metal). Analysis using XRD and SEM demonstrated that the urn contained thermally altered bone as well as inorganic material consistent with glass fiber cement. Although forensically challenging, cremains cases such as this one can be resolved using a multidisciplinary approach.