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121.
Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Policy experimentation is frequently highlighted as a potent means to facilitate institutional innovation, and avoid reformist
leaps in the dark by injecting bottom-up initiative and local knowledge into the national policy process. Yet experimentation
remains a surprisingly vague concept in the debate over variants of economic governance. This article contributes to the study
of experiment-based policymaking by examining the distinctive tools, processes, and effects of experimental programs in major
domains of China’s economic reform. China’s experience attests to the potency of experimentation in bringing about transformative
change, even in a rigid authoritarian, bureaucratic environment, and regardless of strong political opposition. Large-scale
experimentation stimulated policy learning and economic expansion effectively in those sectors in which political elites could
benefit from supporting new types of private and transnational entrepreneurial activity. Conversely, experimental programs
largely failed in generating an effective provision of social goods which would require a combination of active societal supervision
and strict central government enforcement to make it work. Though the impact of reform experiments varies between policy domains,
China’s experimentation-based policy process has been essential to redefining basic policy parameters. At the heart of this
process, we find a pattern of central–local interaction in generating policy—“experimentation under hierarchy”—which constitutes
a notable addition to the repertoires of governance that have been tried for achieving economic transformation.
The research for this article was supported by the German National Research Foundation and the Fairbank Center for East Asian
Research at Harvard University. The author is especially indebted to Elizabeth Perry, Steven Goldstein, Rolf Langhammer, Dani
Rodrik, Victor Shih, Ezra Vogel, and Rudolf Wagner for their encouragement and comments. Nancy Hearst made a crucial contribution
by bringing precious sources from the Fairbank Center’s library to my attention that I otherwise would have overlooked.
相似文献
Sebastian HeilmannEmail: |
122.
123.
We study strategic voting in a laboratory experiment using a Borda mechanism. We find that manipulation rates are surprisingly low, even for individuals who know that they possess superior information about the other agents’ preferences. Exploring possible explanations, we find that manipulation rates rise significantly if individuals are not only informed about the other agents’ preferences but also about their actual votes. This suggests that uncertainty plays a key role in understanding strategic behavior in elections. By contrast, distributional concerns, e.g., in the form of inequality aversion, are found to play a negligible role in our context. 相似文献
124.
125.
Based on unique microdata from five Sub-Saharan African countries that contain comprehensive information on both migrants and their households at the origin country, we investigate the effect of migrants’ education on their remittance behaviour. Our results reveal that migrants’ education has no impact on the likelihood of sending remittances, but a positive effect on the amount of money sent, conditional on remitting. The latter effect holds for internal migrants and migrants in non-OECD countries, while it vanishes for migrants in OECD destination countries once characteristics of the origin household are controlled for. 相似文献
126.
This article analyses states' support for international norms relating to the location of international boundaries. The key norms relate to the legitimacy of the international use of force, the placement of boundaries relative to previous international boundary accords, the views of populations, and broadly accepted ethical standards. These norms have become stronger over recent centuries, but their relative strength has varied. In comparing the influence of these norms in territorial disputes, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of international territorial politics and of the evolution of state sovereignty. Of particular note is that self-determination and human rights have achieved some modest but historically significant gains since the end of the Cold War. 相似文献
127.
With SACMEQ and PASEC there are now two large data bases available on student achievement, socio-economic background and school and teacher characteristics in both anglophone and francophone sub-Saharan Africa. A joint analysis of PASEC and SACMEQ in a common education production function framework allows us to estimate the impact of educational inputs on student achievement in 21 sub-Saharan African countries and to compare our results with those of earlier empirical studies for education systems in Africa and other world regions. In our analysis we focus on school equipment, teacher quality and class organisation. The issue of teacher and student incentives cannot be adequately addressed with the given data. Our results are based on a traditional retrospective analysis of student achievement in PASEC and SACMEQ countries. In contrast to the ‘nothing works’ result from most industrialized countries' studies we find robust positive correlations of achievement test scores and the possession of textbooks and negative correlations with teaching in shifts. The most striking result is the weak or even absent correlation of achievement test scores and teacher education and professional training. However, some differences between francophone and anglophone education systems can be observed in this context if differences in the sampling methodology are duly taken into account. 相似文献
128.
El Salvador is characterized by the sad record of having one of the highest degrees of violence and crime in Latin America. Recent governments have tried to fight it with programmes called ‘mano dura’ or ‘super-mano dura’ with measures and practices that have often violated human rights and judicial guarantees. This paper aims to explore the Supreme Court's role in the application of these policies by the Salvadoran government. We discovered that the highest court in this country supports this kind of policies termed by some analysts ‘policies of punitive populism’. In this sense, the Constitutional Chamber acted in contrast to what is required by democratic theory. The paper proceeds as follows: in the first part we analyse the theoretical framework of public safety policies and frame the Salvadoran case. In the second part, we explore the Supreme Court cases that support (or not) these policies, examining the performance of the court in relation to these cases. The last part is a summary of our evidence. 相似文献
129.
Lisa Hoffmann Matthias Basedau Simone Gobien Sebastian Prediger 《American journal of political science》2020,64(3):603-620
Contrary to the expectations of secularization theory, religion remains socially important and affects politics in multiple ways—especially regarding conflict between religious communities. Theoretically, religion can increase altruism, but belief in the superiority of one's faith may facilitate intergroup discrimination and related conflict. Previous findings remain inconclusive, however, as specific religious ideas have hardly been tested. In this article, we argue that the content of religious ideas has causal effects on intergroup discrimination. We hence test the impact of two opposing, prominent religious ideas on altruism and discrimination: universal love and the notion of one true religion. Conducting dictator games with Christians and Muslims in Ghana and Tanzania, we find causal effects: Whereas the idea of one true religion increases intergroup discrimination, that of universal love fosters equal treatment. The policy implications hereof are obvious—promoting tolerant religious ideas seems crucial to avoiding conflict. 相似文献
130.
Wright Michelle F. Wachs Sebastian Gámez-Guadix Manuel 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2022,51(7):1388-1396
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic... 相似文献