Echinococcal hydatid cyst at the right ventricle outlet with leakage to the pulmonary artery outflow causing follicular airway disease and sudden death

Postmortem examination of a 35-year-old parous woman who died suddenly revealed a hydatid cyst mass located at the right ventricular outlet, with a grossly discernible defect opening to the pulmonary outflow tract. Pulmonary hemorrhage, follicular bronchitis, and bronchiolitis also were present, with severe acute purulent exudation in the airways. Hydatid cyst complications must be kept in mind when dealing with sudden deterioration and death in patients who are residents of regions where echinococcosis is endemic.     

Inhalant abuse detection and evaluation in young Tunisians

Occupational exposure biological monitoring techniques were applied for the diagnosis of inhalation abuse and for the evaluation of the levels of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, in 44 Tunisian adolescents and children suspected for volatile substance addiction. Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, hippuric acid (HA), mandelic acid, and methylhippuric acids determinations were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, and urinary o-cresol (o-Cr) and 2,5-hexanedione (HD) were extracted simultaneously and measured using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Given the high linearity ranges, HD and o-Cr occupational exposure monitoring techniques could be applied without modification. However, urinary sample dilution was necessary before HA analysis. Concentrations were compared with the maxima of normal values (MNVs) in the general population and to the biological exposure indices (BEIs) used in occupational toxicology. Values as high as 6610-fold the MNV and 68 times the BEI were registered. The subjects showed high exposure to toluene and hexane. Measured metabolites HA and/or o-Cr and HD enabled the easy detection and evaluation of exposure levels. The problem of inhalant abuse should be given more attention and treated through an effective prevention strategy.     

我国合同拘束力理论的重构

围绕合同债权的拘束力问题，存在着债权-债务构成与合同构成两种不同的理论模式。我国合同法在总体上选择了合同构成。但由于理论上的准备不足，无论立法者还是解释者都没有清晰地意识到上述两种构成的存在和意义，而是误用了早已扭曲变形的严格责任体系和过错责任体系作为理论工具，导致合同法在立法和解释上都夹杂了很多债权-债务构成的成分，不仅造成了严重的体系矛盾，而且在一定范围内引发了法律效果的偏差。这些矛盾和偏差需要通过用纯粹的合同构成对现行的合同拘束力理论进行重构方能化解和矫正。     

The Oslo Talks: Revealing the Turkish Government's Secret Negotiations with the PKK

This article explores the extent to which the secret talks influenced the path of official negotiations toward ending Turkey's Kurdish conflict, which the scholarly literature has yet to assess. Utilizing interviews with key political actors, this article aims to close this gap by assessing the Oslo talks (2006–2011) as the most comprehensive secret contact between the Turkish government and Kurdistan Workers' Party. It demonstrates that the secret track is not merely a “pre-negotiation” stage aimed at de-escalating the violent conflict ahead of official talks, but also a crucial part of the negotiation stage aimed at establishing a final political agreement.     

Her Majesty's Protected Subjects: The Mishaqa Family in Ottoman Damascus

The protégé system that the Ottoman Empire encountered as the result of diplomatic relations with European powers later became a clear threat to the very existence of the empire. Among these powers, Britain, until the nineteenth century, executed its consular affairs via the Levant Company in the Middle East, but later employed local people, mostly non-Muslim Ottomans, as dragomans, consular agents and vice-consuls to execute its services in the region. The dragomans not only translated treaties and official documents, but also commented on the messages to and from the authorities and this gave them much more important roles. In this regard, members of the Mishaqa family served the British and later American interests under different posts ranging from dragoman, to consular agent and vice-consul. As they gained confidence, they were accorded British consular protection which provided them considerable privileges, and passed their duties to their sons. Unlike similar Levantine families who assumed dragomanship in the imperial centre as a household tradition, members of the Mishaqa family were deeply embedded in the local society and therefore could give insights on social and political changes in the Ottoman province of Damascus. After attaining British protection in 1840, members of the family served in British and American consulates until the beginning of the First World War. However, the protégé status of the family members paved the way for continued debates over their nationality and citizenship. This article attempts to present the basic codes of consular protection and Ottoman responses within the context of the story of Mishaqa family.     

Comparative lobbying research: advances,shortcomings and recommendations

This review article suggests that there is a new school of comparative lobbying emerging. However, this development is taking place only gradually. Unlike the earlier studies, which studied corporatism/pluralism, outside lobbying and lobbying regulations, the new comparativists are mainly focusing on inside lobbying strategies and success as a function of country‐level factors. Yet, the literature still suffers from underdeveloped theories. I stress that our knowledge can be improved with better theorizing. Better theories, in turn, can be formulated by improving the use of quantitative data gathering, qualitative research, formal models and better communication between researchers working with different methodologies in different disciplines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对建立健全流动党员教育管理长效机制的思考

本文主要论述了建立健全流动党员教育管理长效机制的重大意义及途径。     

刑事代理制度的理论基础

刑事代理作为一项法律权利 ,具有利他性、权能性和自由性的属性。作为一项诉讼制度 ,它是刑事诉讼实体正义、程序正义 ,提高刑事诉讼效率的必然要求     

毛泽东与邓小平的党风廉政建设思想比较

加强党风廉政建设是加强党的建设的重要内容。毛泽东同志通过整党整风、民主治腐和率先垂范力求跳出“其兴也勃焉、其亡也忽焉”的“周期率” ,但他的党风廉政建设思想缺少对党风不正和为政不廉的根源即体制问题的深层次原因的认识和加强党风廉政建设要靠法律制度的治本之策的探究。邓小平同志针对党风不正和为政不廉的体制根源 ,创造性地提出了必须依靠法律制度的治本之策 ,取得了一个又一个的阶段性成果 ,形成了关于加强党风廉政建设的新思想、新体系、新纲领。