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91.
Matthew Manning Christopher L. Ambrey Christopher M. Fleming Shane D. Johnson 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2018,34(4):971-998
Objectives
This paper investigates the impact of Field Court Attendance Notices (FCANs) on rates of property crime in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. FCANs are used for relatively minor offenses, are issued ‘on the spot’, and provide an alternative to the time consuming process of arresting an alleged offender and taking them to the police station for processing. Despite their use in NSW for over 20 years, this study is the first to evaluate their impact on crime.Methods
We use data provided by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. We specify a general dynamic panel data model estimated via the Arellano and Bond (Rev Econ Stud 58:277–297, 1991) estimator, specifically the first-differenced twostep generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator.Results
For property crime as a whole, in both the short- and long-run, we find no significant relationship between the use of FCANS and levels of offending. However, when offending rates are disaggregated into 11 sub-categories, we find that in the short-run an increase in the use of FCANs leads to statistically significant decreases in the rate of crime for five of the sub-categories offenses considered (break and enter dwelling; motor vehicle theft; steal from motor vehicle; steal from retail store and; steal from dwelling). The long-run results are largely consistent with the short-run results in terms of their signs and statistical significance, suggesting that the effects persist.Conclusions
The empirical analysis presented in this paper suggests that the use of FCANs is an effective and potentially efficient policing strategy for a subset of property offenses, in that offenders can be processed at lower cost and long-run rates of certain crimes reduced.92.
Debate about how to best interpret the Constitution often revolves around interpretive methodologies (e.g., originalism or
expansive interpretation). This article examines whether individuals’ political orientation influences the methodologies they
prefer to use to interpret the Constitution. We study this proposed relationship using a survey of federal law clerks and
an experimental study with college students. The survey results indicate that, compared to conservatives, liberal clerks prefer
the current meaning or the most plausible appealing meaning of the constitutional text, while conservatives prefer the original
meaning of the text. Liberal clerks also prefer to interpret the Constitution much more expansively. The second study manipulates
the policy implications of expansive interpretation and finds this manipulation differentially affects liberals’ and conservatives’
expansiveness preferences.
相似文献
Linda BabcockEmail: |
93.
Repeat burglary victimisation: a tale of two theories 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shane D. Johnson 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(3):215-240
Research consistently demonstrates that crime is spatially concentrated. Considering repeat burglary, studies conducted across
a variety of countries and for different periods of time demonstrate that events also cluster in time. Two theories have been
proposed to explain patterns of repeat victimisation. The first suggests that repeat victimisation is the consequence of a
contagion-like process. If a home has been burgled on one occasion, the risk to the home is boosted, most likely because offenders will return to exploit good opportunities further (e.g. to steal replaced items or those left
behind). In contrast, the second suggests that repeat victimisation may be explained by time-stable variation in risk across
homes and a chance process. Different offenders independently target attractive locations for which risk is flagged. Understanding the contribution of the two explanations is important for both criminological understanding and crime reduction.
Hitherto, research concerned with repeat victimisation has adopted a top-down methodology, analysing either victimisation
or offender data. In this paper, results are reported for a simple micro-simulation experiment used to examine patterns of
victimisation under conditions where the contributions of both theoretical mechanisms are varied. The findings suggest that
increasing the heterogeneity of target attractiveness can generate spatial concentrations of crime not dissimilar to those
discussed above, but that a contagion-like process is (also) required to generate the time course of repeat victimisation.
The implications of the findings are discussed.
Shane D. Johnson is a Reader at the University College London (UCL) Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has a PhD and an MA in Psychology and a BSc in Computer Science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, crime forecasting, computer simulation, evaluation methods, and design against crime. He has conducted work for a variety of sponsors, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, and the Home Office, and he currently coordinates an international research network funded by the British Academy. He has published over 50 original research papers on a range of topics within the fields of criminology and forensic psychology in journals including the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminology and Public Policy and the British Journal of Criminology. 相似文献
Shane D. JohnsonEmail: |
Shane D. Johnson is a Reader at the University College London (UCL) Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has a PhD and an MA in Psychology and a BSc in Computer Science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, crime forecasting, computer simulation, evaluation methods, and design against crime. He has conducted work for a variety of sponsors, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, and the Home Office, and he currently coordinates an international research network funded by the British Academy. He has published over 50 original research papers on a range of topics within the fields of criminology and forensic psychology in journals including the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminology and Public Policy and the British Journal of Criminology. 相似文献
94.
Shane Martin 《West European politics》2018,41(5):1166-1190
What motivates political parties in the legislative arena? Existing legislative bargaining models stress parties’ office and policy motivations. A particularly important question concerns how parties in coalition government agree the distribution of cabinet seats. This article adds to the portfolio allocation literature by suggesting that future electoral considerations affect bargaining over the allocation of cabinet seats in multi-party cabinets. Some parties are penalised by voters for participating in government, increasing the attractiveness of staying in opposition. This ‘cost of governing’ shifts their seat reservation price – the minimum cabinet seats demanded in return for joining the coalition. Results of a randomised survey experiment of Irish legislators support our expectation, demonstrating that political elites are sensitive to future electoral losses when contemplating the distribution of cabinet seats. This research advances our understanding of how parties’ behaviour between elections is influenced by anticipation of voters’ reactions. 相似文献
95.
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula’s Inspire magazine has received attention within Western academia and media for its role in inspiring and instructing a series of homegrown terrorist attacks. Reporting on the magazine often characterises it as a Western-centric instrument of jihadi discourse. This characterisation, while broadly accurate, is in need of refinement. Using a modified version of Jennifer Attride-Stirling’s method of thematic network analysis, this research visualises and analyses the narrative themes contained within fourteen issues of Inspire magazine. It demonstrates that the magazine’s narrative extends well beyond the Western world. In reality, Inspire’s themes centre not only on the West and its Muslim populations, but on local politics and broader religious issues. The magazine’s thematic focus has also shifted over time—particularly in response to (a) political volatility in the Middle East and North Africa, (b) the killing of prominent jihadists, and (c) the execution of successful individual jihad operations. Throughout these periods of change, Inspire struggled to maintain focus on its anti-Western narrative and proved easily distracted by local issues and the “martyrdom” of Al Qaeda leaders. Understanding Inspire’s thematic landscape and its shifting character prove important in understanding and responding effectively to its jihadi discourse. 相似文献
96.
ABSTRACT Bullying persists as a concern in schools, including the question of why some children bully. One idea differentiating bullying roles (e.g., bully, victim, bully-victim) is that some individuals are morally disengaged, or able to disconnect their moral understanding and behavior. The present study examined types of bullying involvement and moral disengagement. To address the methodological debate within the bullying literature, the present study used latent analysis. The findings revealed that bullying and victimization behaviors vary by degree of involvement. The present study found that moral disengagement was related to students’ degree of participation in bullying; students in the bully-victim class had the highest levels of moral disengagement, followed by students in the victim class, social victim class, and outsider class. Further research should explore moral engagement as a strategy to enhance anti-bullying efforts. 相似文献
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99.
Previous research indicates that supporting a winning party in an election boosts satisfaction with democracy, but does not fully or adequately test the mechanisms behind this relationship. Using original survey data, we make a contribution on three fronts. First, we inquire what winning (or losing) an election really means in terms of the performance of one’s preferred party. Second, we employ panel data, which helps to determine whether an election outcome truly impacts satisfaction levels. Third, we examine the breadth of electoral victory, testing whether the satisfaction boost from a regional victory extends to the national and supranational levels. Findings indicate that the inclusion of one’s selected party in government is the most important factor for satisfaction with democracy, which attests to the importance of policy considerations in engendering satisfaction. In addition, winning a regional election strengthens satisfaction beyond the regional level, which indicates that the mere experience of being a “winner” also works to increase satisfaction. 相似文献
100.