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Ingrid Helgøy 《Scandinavian political studies》2006,29(2):89-110
In the past few decades, Norway and Sweden, like the rest of the Western world, have attempted to restructure and deregulate education. In both countries, the established governing models were threatened due to lack of legitimacy and efficiency. This article discusses the extent to which the different explanations of stability and institutional change address what happened when Management by Objectives and Results (MbOR) was introduced in Norway and Sweden. However, both the content and the course of change were different in the two countries. More specifically, one can talk about processes combining lock‐in mechanism and layering in the Norwegian course of development. In Sweden, the process of change was characterized by sudden and radical decisions. A decision made in 1991 could be explained as a state of punctuated equilibrium, as strong forces produced a situation where nothing else was to be done except make a radical change, turning the centralized system into a decentralized one. The period has parallels to the concept of ‘critical juncture’, representing a moment of openness to and possibility for different and new actors to influence a new constitution. In Norway, the transformation of policy tools for education purposes has thus far dominated the process and direction of change. In Sweden, through processes of conversion, the policy tool has gained a more dominating influence over education policy. Accordingly, there was a stronger emphasis on MbOR in its original version in Sweden than in Norway, which has transformed and defined the concept in line with educational purposes. This article outlines two cases of institutional change that combine elements of lock in with new developments. In neither Norway nor Sweden was the development pushed further in the same trajectory, rather it was transformed and, in the case of Sweden, radically changed within a larger nationally specific framework of sequence of events, values, norms and traditions of policy making. 相似文献
428.
Catherine M. Sabiston Chris Y. Lovato Rashid Ahmed Allison W. Pullman Valerie Hadd H. Sharon Campbell Candace Nykiforuk K. Stephen Brown 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(10):1374-1387
The purpose of this study was to explore individual- and school-level policy characteristics on student smoking behavior using
an ecological perspective. Participants were 24,213 (51% female) Grade 10–11 students from 81 schools in five Canadian provinces.
Data were collected using student self-report surveys, written policies collected from schools, interviews with school administrators,
and school property observations to assess multiple dimensions of the school tobacco policy. The multi-level modeling results
revealed that the school a student attended was associated with his/her smoking behavior. Individual-level variables that
were associated with student smoking included lower school connectedness, a greater number of family and friends who smoked,
higher perceptions of student smoking prevalence, lower perceptions of student smoking frequency, and stronger perceptions
of the school tobacco context. School-level variables associated with student smoking included weaker policy intention indicating
prohibition and assistance to overcome tobacco addiction, weaker policy implementation involving strategies for enforcement,
and a higher number of students smoking on school property. These findings suggest that the school environment is important
to tobacco control strategies, and that various policy dimensions have unique relationships to student smoking. School tobacco
policies should be part of a comprehensive approach to adolescent tobacco use. 相似文献
429.
This paper investigates the personal and environmental determinants of public security perceptions across 32 Chinese cities
within the risk/opportunity framework of Cohen and Felson’s (American Sociological Review 44:588–608, 1979) routine activity theory. Structural path analysis reveals that public security perceptions in China are informed by similar
personal and environment characteristics to those reported as important in extant research within Western contexts. However,
the frequently reported influence of gender on public security perceptions in the West does not appear to extend to post-reform
urban China. The results provide support for the routine activity theory in terms of extending our understanding of the factors
that influence perceptions of public security to a non-Western context. 相似文献
430.
Vrij A Leal S Granhag PA Mann S Fisher RP Hillman J Sperry K 《Law and human behavior》2009,33(2):159-166
We hypothesised that the responses of pairs of liars would correspond less with each other than would responses of pairs of
truth tellers, but only when the responses are given to unanticipated questions. Liars and truth tellers were interviewed
individually about having had lunch together in a restaurant. The interviewer asked typical opening questions which we expected
the liars to anticipate, followed by questions about spatial and/or temporal information which we expected suspects not to
anticipate, and also a request to draw the layout of the restaurant. The results supported the hypothesis, and based on correspondence
in responses to the unanticipated questions, up to 80% of liars and truth tellers could be correctly classified, particularly
when assessing drawings.
相似文献
Aldert VrijEmail: |